Breast pump assembly

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for pumping milk from a breast, wherein the milk is expressed from the breast under suction and milk is expulsed from the pumping mechanism to a collection container under positive pressure. In one approach, the breast pump assembly includes a breast adapter and a receptacle configured to cup the breast adapter, and the breast adapter is removable from the receptacle.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/667,749, filed Oct. 29, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/180,345, filed Jun. 13, 2016, which is acontinuation of PCT/US15/41257, filed Jul. 21, 2015 and which claims thebenefit of 62/027,685, filed Jul. 22, 2014.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure generally relates to a portable, hands-free,discrete, self-powered and energy efficient breast pump system andmethod for collecting milk from a breast of a nursing mother.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

As more women become aware that breastfeeding is the best source ofnutrition for a baby, and also offers health benefits to the nursingmother, the need is increasing for breast pump solutions that areuser-friendly, quiet, discrete and versatile for use by a nursing motherin various situations. This is particularly true for the working mother,who is away from the home for eight to ten hours or more and needs topump breast milk in order to have it available for her baby, but it isalso a requirement for many other situations where the mother is awayfrom the privacy of the home for an extended period, such as duringshopping, going out to dinner or other activities.

Although a variety of breast pumps are available, most are awkward andcumbersome, requiring many parts and assemblies and being difficult totransport. Hand pump varieties that are manually driven are onerous touse and can be painful to use. Some powered breast pumps require an ACpower source to plug into during use. Some systems are battery driven,but draw down the battery power fairly rapidly as the motorized pumpcontinuously operates to maintain suction during the milk extractionprocess. Many of the breast pumps available are clearly visible to anobserver when the mother is using it, and many also expose the breast ofthe mother during use.

There is a continuing need for a small, portable, self-powered, energyefficient, wearable breast pump system that is easy to use and isdiscrete by not exposing the breast of the user and being invisible ornearly unnoticeable when worn.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Briefly and in general terms, the present disclosure is directed towardsbreast pump systems and methods. The system includes breast contactingstructure, a collection container and structure that extracts milk froma breast and delivers the milk to the container. The method involvesextracting milk from a breast and delivering the milk to the collectioncontainer.

In one approach, a method of pumping milk from a breast involves forminga seal between a breast pump system and the breast, and pumping milkexpressed from the breast through a conduit. A driving force may also beincluded and created by expansion of the conduit that was previouslycompressed to generate suction that drives expression of milk from abreast. The driving force may also be generated by pulling on theconduit that was previously compressed. Expulsion of expressed milk canbe achieved by the application of a relative positive pressure to aportion of the conduit. In one particular aspect, suction applied to thebreast for expression of milk involves a first suction level, and duringexpulsing, a second suction level is maintained against the breast, thesecond suction level being lower than the first suction level.

In various of the disclosed embodiments, the system defines a naturalbreast profile. The natural breast profile is contemplated to fitcomfortably and conveniently into a bra of a user and to present anatural look. As such, the profile is characterized by having anon-circular base. Moreover, like natural breasts, the profile of thedevice or system is contemplated to define one or more asymmetric curvesand off-center inertial centers.

The disclosed method can alternatively or additionally involve one ormore of providing a substantially liquid tight path between a breastthrough a conduit, compressing a portion of the conduit and reducingcompression where returning the conduit to an uncompressed stategenerates suction sufficient to extract milk from a breast. Pumping canalso involve compressing a second portion of conduit to generatepressure. A one-way valve between the conduit and a storage can beprovided to prevent backflow of milk and air.

A pump device can be placed in contact with a breast and connected to astorage container. Each of the pump device and storage container can besized and shaped to be received within a user's bra. In one approach,the storage container is positioned between the pumping structure of thedevice and a user's bra. In other approaches, the storage container isconfigured about pumping structure, or can be positioned between pumpingstructure and the user's breast. Pumping of milk from a breast can occurwithout creating a change in a total mass and volume of the breast, pumpdevice and storage container. The storage container can be one or moreof flexible, or positioned around the breast. A driving mechanism canalso be defined by a roller configured to maintain fluid connectionbetween proximal and distal portions of conduit. The driving mechanismcan alternatively include a single compression driver and first andsecond one-way valves in the conduit on opposite sides of a region thatthe compression driver is configured to compress. The system can includefirst and second drivers, where the first driver compresses a firstregion of conduit and the second driver compresses a second region ofconduit. The first and second drivers can be configured tointermittently compress and release compression of regions of theconduit. The driving mechanism may also have its movements coordinatedto create pressures sufficient to drive extracted milk. A first drivercan be configured to seal a region of the conduit when milk is pumped,and sufficient pressure can be created in certain embodiments to pumpmilk against gravity.

A controller can be included in certain of the disclosed embodiments.The controller can be one or more of electrically connected to the pump,or configured to supply power for movements of driving mechanisms, and abattery electrically connected thereto. A pressure sensor can be furtherincluded to sense pressure within a breast adapter and in certainembodiments, the pressure sensor can be in electronic communication withthe controller. Moreover, in certain approaches, the controller canadaptively control movements of drivers with input from a feedback loopestablished with a pressure or other sensor. The controller can furtherbe programmable to changed control settings.

The system can be configured to generate a suction force in the range ofabout −60 mm Hg, or in a range of about −120 mm Hg to about −450 mm Hg,or in a range of about −60 mm Hg to about −180 mm Hg, or in a range ofabout −60 mm Hg to about −220 mm Hg, or in a range of about −200 mm Hgto about −450 mm Hg, or in a range of about −380 mm Hg to about −420 mmHg, or in a range of about −180 mm Hg to about −400 mm Hg, or in a rangeof about −180 mm Hg to about −220 mm Hg, or in the range of about −40 mmHg to about −70 mm Hg, or in the range of about −50 mm Hg to about −60mm Hg.

A breast adapter or pump system generally can include at least onevibration element configured to apply vibration to the breast, and/or atleast one heating element to apply heat to the breast. The breastadapter and conduit can be integrally formed as a unit or can defineseparate pieces. The breast adapter and conduit can further beconfigured to be removable from the pump system and replaceable. Ahousing can be further provided and can contain the driving mechanismand controller. The housing also can include manually operated controlsfor input to the controller, and additionally or alternatively, adisplay that is readable by the user.

In one or more embodiments, the storage container is detachable from thesystem. There can be a plurality of drivers having different shapes andsizes or lengths. A lower surface of a driver can be V-shaped incross-section. A driver can be attached to a breast adapter andconfigured to expand the breast adapter. The breast adapter can furthercomprise a first flange and a second flange, wherein a gap is formedbetween the flanges that prevents milk spillage. In another aspect,insertion of the breast into the adapter and against the second flangedeflects the second flange toward the first flange. Also, in certainembodiments, suction collapses the gap between first and second flanges.

In certain approaches, milk extraction is halted while milk is pumped tothe storage container. Moreover, suction can be cycled to stimulate milkletdown and initiate extraction during letdown. After a predeterminedtime or after calculating an estimate of a predetermined volume of milkhaving been extracted, the breast can be sealed off at a predeterminedsuction level. The system can be configured such that a pumpingmechanism is positioned less than 2.5 cm from a nipple of a breast, orless than 2.0 cm from the nipple or less than or equal to 1.0 cm fromthe nipple. Pumping can further or alternatively be accomplished withoutany mechanical motion of the breast or nipple. Also, pumping can becarried out by a pumping mechanism that is external to the conduit andnot in fluid communication with the conduit.

Certain approaches or embodiments of the system or method can involveoutputting at least one of operational and/or sensed parameters, andmodifying at least one operational setting based upon the operational orsensed parameters. The system or method can further perform inreal-time, or as a feedback loop. An operational setting can be one ormore of suction level setting, suction waveform definition, extractionphase time, threshold milk volume estimate per extraction phaseexpulsion, pressure, rest phase time, heating temperatures, heatingtimes, vibration frequency and vibration times. The system can also beconfigured to upload operational or sensed parameters from an externalcomputer to a cloud server.

Suction can be maintained at a minimum during an entire milk pumpingsession or suction can be intermittent where suction is reduced to zeroat least once over the duration of a milk pumping session. Further, thesuction level can be monitored and a determination can be made when atleast a minimum suction level has not been maintained and the system canbe shut down. Indicators can be provided to indicate ceasing of pumpingand/or to indicate when the device is to be removed from the breast. Anon-contact pressure sensor is also contemplated to be incorporated intoone or more of the disclosed embodiments or methods. In one approach,the sensor can define a magnetic proximity sensor.

These and other features of the disclosure will become apparent to thosepersons skilled in the art upon reading the details of the specificationas more fully described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a breast pump system according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a partial view of the system of FIG. 1 showing only a portionof the breast adapter.

FIG. 3 is a partial, schematic illustration of the system of FIG. 1showing the pumping region.

FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate the interaction between compression elements andresilient tubing, and a pumping sequence according to an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate operation of a system having only one compressionelement according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates a main body/housing of a breast pump system, withouta container having been attached or the tube and adapter having beenattached, to illustrate dimensions of the components shown, according toan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7A illustrates a breast adapter/tube configured and dimensioned tobe attached to the embodiment of the main body/housing of a breast pumpsystem shown in FIG. 6, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 7B illustrates a breast adapter/tube configured and dimensioned tobe attached to the embodiment of the main body/housing of a breast pumpsystem shown in FIG. 6, according to another embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 7C illustrates a perpendicular relationship between a longitudinalaxis of the teat and the breast adapter according to an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 7D illustrates an acute angular relationship between a longitudinalaxis of the teat and the breast adapter according to an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are schematic, front and side illustrations,respectively, of a breast pump system showing placement and routing ofthe tube, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a schematic, side illustration of one example of a systemhaving varying dimensions along the length of the tube, and optionally,varying materials from which the various portions of the tube are made,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates a series of events that may be carried out inoperating a system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure,when carrying out a milk extraction process from the breast.

FIG. 11 illustrates events that may be carried out in a control processfor extracting milk according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 12 schematically illustrates various sections of the tube extendingfrom the breast to the proximal end of the tube, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 13A-13B show partial views of a system that employs a secondcompression element according to another embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIGS. 13C-13E show partial views of a system that employs a secondcompression element according to another embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 13F shows a partial view of a system that employs a secondcompression element according to another embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 14 shows a partial view of a system that employs a secondcompression element according to another embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 15 shows a partial view of a system that employs a firstcompression element according to another embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 16A shows a partial view of a system, according to anotherembodiment of the present disclosure, in which one or both of thecompression elements are attached to the tube.

FIG. 16B illustrates one way in which the tube can be configured forattachment to one or both of the compression elements, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 16C is a partial cross-sectional illustration of the firstcompression element attached to the tube, according to the embodimentdescribed with regard to FIG. 16B.

FIG. 17A is a partial view of a system employing another embodiment ofcompression element, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view of the compression element in FIG.17A.

FIG. 17C is a cross-sectional illustration of a compression element andtube being received in a channel formed with a substantially planar orflat anvil surface, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 17D shows a cross-sectional view of a compression element and tubebeing receive in a channel, wherein the anvil surface of the channel issubstantially V-shaped in cross-section and the compression element hasa compression surface that is substantially V-shaped, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 17E shows a cross-sectional view of a compression element and tubebeing receive in a channel, wherein the anvil surface of the channel isconcave in cross-section and the compression element has a compressionsurface that is convex, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 18 is an isolated illustration of a milk collection/storagecontainer according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 19 illustrates the connection features of the tube and containerthat allow for easy and rapid attachment and detachment of the containerto and from the tube, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 20 illustrates a container having been capped off upon removal fromthe system, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 21 illustrates a feeding nipple attached to a container accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 22 shows a bottle that the container with the nipple attachedthereto inserted therein to provide a more structural implement that ismore easily used for feeding a baby, according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 23 is an exploded view of an alternative arrangement for installinga container in a bottle and providing it with a feeding nipple,according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 24 is an illustration of a system installed on a breast around thenipple and supported by a bra in which the system is received, accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 25 illustrates a milk collection container according to anotherembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 26 illustrates alternative locations for placement of a container,according to various embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 27A illustrates a breast pump system using a doughnut-shapedcollection container according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 27B is a side view of the system of FIG. 27A shown mounted on abreast.

FIG. 28A illustrates a doughnut-shaped container having bafflesintermediate of the inner and outer surfaces of the doughnut shape,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 28B is a side view of FIG. 28A, showing a cross-sectional view ofthe container.

FIG. 28C illustrates a view with a container that does not have baffles,containing the same volume of milk as the container with baffles in FIG.28B.

FIG. 28D is an illustration of a container showing baffles arranged in awaffle pattern to control the even distribution of the volume of milk asit is received, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 28E is a side view of a main body to illustrate the dimensions ofthe main body, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 28F is an illustration of the container of FIG. 28D mounted on themain body of FIG. 28E, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 29A illustrates a container that fits around the main body of thesystem and the areola of the breast, according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 29B illustrates a variant of a container in which the one way valveis located on the outside of the annular container, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 29C shows the one way valve and connecting portion of the containerof FIG. 28B having been folded upwardly along a baffle line to join theone-way valve to the tube of system, according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 29D shows a container having been folded for more compact storage,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 30 shows a milk collection container that is ring-shaped toencircle the breast, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 31A shows a breast adapter that includes a rigid portion where thenipple is inserted, and a flexible, resilient portion, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 31B illustrates four different locations where the breast can bealternatively compressed and allowed to expand by using four massagedrivers, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 32A illustrates a breast adapter provided with vibration driversaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 32B is a rear view (open end) of breast adapter showing vibrationdrivers such as motors or piezoelectric devices mounted on the breastadapter, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 32C illustrates a handheld vibration driver that is operableindependently of a breast pump system, according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 33 illustrates a breast adapter provided with heating elementsaccording to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 34 schematically illustrates a breast adapter having a suction zonewhich is flexible and forms a seal with the breast when suction isapplied, while a rigid portion receives the nipple and areola of thebreast, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 35A and 35B are back end, schematic illustrations of a breastadapter showing that the suction zone can be applied in a continuousring or intermittently, according to various embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 36 schematically illustrates an arrangement in which a first,relatively lower suction/vacuum level is constantly applied by a breastadapter though a suction zone to maintain a seal with the breast,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 37A illustrates a flexible spring provided in a container tomaintain an open channel within the container, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 37B illustrates a flexible porous tube provided in a container tomaintain an open channel within the container, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 38 shows a breast adapter in which the upper half (or other upperportion) of the adapter has different mechanical properties and/orcomposition than the lower half (or other lower portion) of the breastadapter, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 39A illustrates a system employing a flexible breast adapterconnected to a tube which is supplied by suction/vacuum by a pump,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 39B-39C illustrate that application of squeezing action by thebreast adapter to squeeze the breast causes the tube to temporarilycollapse (see FIG. 39B) which causes a pressure change at the nipple,and, upon release of the compression forces against the breast, the tubereopens (see FIG. 39C), according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 40 illustrates a breast pump system in which the pumping region 30and container are suspended on a lanyard worn by the user, according toan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 41 illustrates an embodiment in which, in addition to thesuction/vacuum created by withdrawing a compression element away fromthe tube, the compression element is also mechanically linked to aportion of the breast adapter surrounding the nipple, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 42 is an exploded view showing where the tube of the systemconnects to the main body, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 43 is an exploded illustration of a breast pump system showing apressure sensor placed at a proximal end portion of the breast adapter,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 44A-44B illustrate operation of a pressure sensor to detectpressure within a breast pump system, according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 45A illustrates a pressure sensor that can be used in a breast pumpsystem according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 45B-45C illustrate additional views of the pressure sensor of FIG.45A and its operation.

FIG. 46 is a schematic representation of a pump region that may be usedin any of the breast pump systems described herein, according to anotherembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 47 is a schematic representation of transfer of data wirelesslyfrom a controller of the system to a smartphone, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 48 illustrates configuration of the connection between thecontainer and tube of the system for monitoring to ensure that theconnection remains throughout an extraction and expulsion session, sothat milk is not lost or wasted, according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 49 illustrates that the motors of the system may be provided withheat sensors and/or motion sensors to provide feedback to the controlleras to the operating temperatures of the motors and/or movement and/orrate of movement of the motors, according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 50 illustrates a pressure relief member placed in the breastadapter, and also shows alternative, or additional locations forpressure relief members, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 51 shows a longitudinal sectional view of a breast adapter that maybe used in any of the breast pump systems described herein, according toanother embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 52A shows a longitudinal sectional view of a breast adapter thatthat may be used in any of the breast pump systems described herein, andwhich is a variation of the breast adapter shown in FIG. 51.

FIG. 52B is a rear perspective view of the breast adapter and tube ofFIG. 52A.

FIG. 52C illustrates that when the breast is engaged with the system,the lip of the system is deflected further inwardly by the breastcontact, thereby reducing or eliminating the gap and driving milk fromthe gap towards the nipple housing/nipple receiving cavity, according toan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 53A is a front, exploded view illustrating a breast adapter andtube, main housing 34 and milk container 60 according to an embodimentof the present disclosure.

FIG. 53B is a rear, exploded view of the components illustrated in FIG.53A.

FIG. 53C is a front, perspective view illustrating the breast adapterand tube of FIG. 53A having been installed in the main body.

FIG. 53D is a rear, perspective view of the components shown in FIG.53C.

FIG. 53E illustrates a front, perspective view after attaching thecontainer to the main body of the embodiment illustrated in FIGS.53A-53D.

FIG. 53F is a rear, perspective view of the system shown in FIG. 53E.

FIG. 53G illustrates a breast pump system using a full ring-shapedcontainer, according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 54 illustrates an assembly of the breast adapter and tube in themain body according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 55A-55E illustrate the interaction between compression elementsand resilient tubing, and a pumping sequence, according to anotherembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 56 illustrates a flow sensor provided in a breast pump system toenable the user to check in real time how much milk has been pumped,according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 57 illustrates a breast pump system provided with an indicatorlight, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 58A is a front, exploded view of a breast pump system according toanother embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 58B is a front view illustrating the breast adapter and tube havingbeen installed in the main body.

FIG. 58C illustrates the process of attaching the container to thesystem.

FIG. 58D illustrates the assembled system, with the container havingbeen connected and fitted over the main body to conform to the contourthereof.

FIG. 58E shows the system of FIGS. 58A-58D with the container havingbeen partially filled with milk.

FIG. 59A is a front, exploded view of a breast pump system according toanother embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 59B is a front view illustrating the assembled system, with thecontainer having been connected and fitted over the main body to conformto the contour thereof.

FIG. 59C is a rear, exploded view of the system of FIGS. 59A-59B.

FIG. 59D is a partially exploded rear view of the system of FIG. 59A,showing the breast adapter and tube having been installed in the mainbody.

FIG. 59E illustrates the process of attaching the container to the tubeand main body.

FIG. 59F is a rear, perspective view of the system of FIG. 59A afterhaving been assembled.

FIG. 59G is a rear view of the system of FIG. 59F after having collectedmilk in the container.

FIG. 60 illustrates a pressure (vacuum) release feature that may beprovided on any of the systems described herein, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 61 is a longitudinal sectional view of a breast adapter and aportion of a tube illustrating a pressure relief valve according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 62 illustrates a main body of the system having a see throughwindow to ensure proper placement of the nipple, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 63 illustrates a main body that can be at least partially peeledaway which maintaining a seal of the breast adapter against the breast,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 64 illustrates a pair of breast pump systems that can be installedon both breasts of a user, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 65 illustrates a pair of breast pump systems installed on thebreasts of a user and supported by a bra, according to an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 66 illustrates the user of FIG. 65 using the breast pump systemswhile in a supine position, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 67 illustrates the user of FIG. 65, with a blouse worn over thebreast pump systems, using the breast pump systems while working at awork station, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 68 shows the user of FIG. 67, with the blouse shown partially inphantom to better shown the underlying breast pump systems and bra,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before the present systems and methods are described, it is to beunderstood that this disclosure is not limited to particular embodimentsdescribed, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understoodthat the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describingparticular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, sincethe scope of the present disclosure will be limited only by the appendedclaims.

Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that eachintervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unlessthe context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lowerlimits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller rangebetween any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and anyother stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassedwithin the disclosure. The upper and lower limits of these smallerranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and eachrange where either, neither or both limits are included in the smallerranges is also encompassed within the disclosure, subject to anyspecifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated rangeincludes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both ofthose included limits are also included in the disclosure.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this disclosure belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the present disclosure, the preferred methodsand materials are now described. All publications mentioned herein areincorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methodsand/or materials in connection with which the publications are cited.

It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, thesingular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “avalve” includes a plurality of such valves and reference to “the pump”includes reference to one or more pumps and equivalents thereof known tothose skilled in the art, and so forth.

The publications discussed herein are provided solely for theirdisclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Thedates of publication provided may be different from the actualpublication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a breast pump system 100 according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. System 100 includes a breastadapter 10, a pumping region 30 within a main body 34, a one-way valve50 and a milk storage container 60.

FIG. 2 is a partial view of the system 100 showing only a portion of thebreast adapter 10. Breast adapter 10 includes a compliant region 12 madeof silicone or other compliant, biocompatible material, such as, but notlimited to polyurethane and/or polyether block amides (PEBAX) to providea soft interface with the breast and also provide a seal around theareola and nipple of the breast. An inner housing 14 is configured anddimensioned to surround the nipple of the breast. Inner housing 14 canbe rigid, semi-rigid or compliant. Preferably the breast adapter 10 iscompliant and made from silicone or polyethylene terephthalate (PET),although other materials and combinations of materials could be used,including, but not limited to polyurethanes, polyethylene, high densitypolyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polyamides,polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and/or PEBAX, For the embodiments wherethere is compliance, inner housing 14 is capable of iteratively openingand closing during extraction of milk from the breast using system 100,thereby simulating a feeding cycle similar to the sequence of the tongueagainst the nipple when a baby is suckling.

An open segment 16 within the housing of breast adapter 10 is configuredand dimensioned to allow for at least some clearance and space in frontof the nipple to permit milk to exit the nipple even when the nipple ispulled forward by suction. The open section 16 terminates with a U-turnto double back to form an acute angle to minimize the overallheight/profile of the system 100 away from the breast.

FIG. 3 is a partial, schematic illustration of system 100 showing thepumping region 30. A resilient tube 32 is in fluid communication withand extends proximally from the proximal end of breast adapter 10.Preferably, resilient tube 32 is integral with breast adapter 10 asshown in FIG. 1. Two active compression elements 36, 38 are operable tocompress and allow decompression of the resilient tube 32 atcompressible regions 40 and 42, respectively. Although the preferredembodiment uses two active compression elements as shown, alternativeembodiments could have three or more active compression elements.Resilient tube 32 is preferably made of silicone, but couldalternatively be made from other thermoplastic elastomers exhibiting thedesired performance characteristics described herein, including, but notlimited to polyurethanes and/or PEBAX. Different regions of tube 32 maybe of different materials/material properties. The regions can all bemolded of same material, overmolded, glued or otherwise attached,constructed, etc. In at least one embodiment, the compressible regionsmay have different properties from other non “active” regions—such asthose non active regions being rigid (e.g., downstream of the pumpingregion and/or other non-active regions) to improve pumping efficiency byreducing energy losses due to expansion and contraction of regions notintended to be active. The non-active regions can be made of differentmaterials from the active regions or otherwise reinforced. The variousregions can also be other shapes than circular in cross-section. Thematerial(s) from which the compression regions 40, 42 of tube 32 aremade can be the same as that of the flange and nipple housing of breastadapter 10, only differing optionally by thickness, they could beassembled out of different materials and fused or glued together, orcould be insert molded together. Further alternatively, the material(s)from which the compression regions 40, 42 are made can differ from oneanother. A factor in the choice of material and material thickness andlength is the response time required to expand the compression regions40, 42 from a target compressed shape/state to an original, unbiasedrebound configuration (e.g., return to a full cylindrical shape in theembodiments where tube 32 is cylindrical), force required to compress tothe desired target compressed shape, radial force (pressure drop)achieved when allowing the tube 32 to self-expand, volume within theinside diameter of the tube 32 regions 40 and 42, compatibility with thematerials for the remainder of the breast adapter 10 (nipple housing),resiliency to maintain its material properties through multiple wash,aging and use cycles, surface and depth characteristics such as materialtransparency, clarity and texture/feel against the skin, visualappearance, mechanical durability, tear resistance, shape memory,soft/hardness, biocompatibility, non-reactivity and free of leachables,heat/cold resistance, etc.

Examples of tubes 32 include, but are not limited to: silicone tubing,such as used in peristaltic pumps, both platinum-cured andperoxide-cured silicone tubes. Dimensions can range greatly in insidediameter and wall thickness, but preferred embodiments can have aninside diameter of 3/16 in., ¼ in. or 5/16 in. Walls may also range toimpact properties, with preferred embodiments likely in the 1/16 in. to⅛ in. range. Inside diameters and wall thicknesses can be varied, asneeded, with ensuing appropriate lengths of tubing 32. Furtheralternatively, pumping regions 40, 42 do not need to be in the shape ofa cylindrical tube, or even a tube at all, but can be any volume shapethat can be changed/compressed. For example, the cross-section could beoval, square, trapezoid, etc. as needed to fit the device space.Examples of tube inside diameters, wall thicknesses and hardnessinclude, but are not limited to: 0.188″ ID, 0.063″ wall, Durometer 50shore A; 0.250″ ID, 0.063″ wall, Durometer 50 shore A; 0.313″ID, 0.063″wall, Durometer 59 shore A; and 0.313″ ID, 0.094″ wall, Durometer 59shore A.

As shown, the compression elements 36, 38 comprise pistons, butalternative features could be used to accomplish the same function, suchas lever arms, screw drives, clamps, cams, pincers, rollers, magnets,electro-magnets, linear drives, solenoids, gears, stepper motors, orother features, respectively. The compression surfaces of thecompression elements 36, 38 may be formed as flat paddles to allowcomplete crushing of the tube 32 without residual volume. Alternatively,one or both compression surfaces may be formed with a “V-shaped” edgealigned axially with the tubing 32 to allow less force to compresstubing 32 to the same distance of compression, relative to a flatsurface paddle. Further alternatively, or additionally, one or bothcompression surfaces may be formed with a cross edge (perpendicular) toaxis of tubing. This provides a relatively small surface area allowingless force to completely seal tubing 32 at the location of the crossedge. However this also provides a relatively minor volumechange/pressure change capability.

One or both compression surfaces may be formed as roller paddles havingcurved surfaces so that the compression action is not simply straightinto the tubing 32. The roller paddle surface can roll on the tubing 32to seal and move in a given direction. Dual action of the roller can beprovided, so that, initially the roller comes down in compressionagainst the tube 32 and seals the tube 32, which may be capable of beingperformed with relatively low force. Secondarily, the roller paddle canroll the compression surface in a predetermined direction along thelength of the tube 32 and squeeze a volume of milk or air or combinationin a given direction. This can be useful to maximize both increase anddecrease in pressure changes and fluid movement.

Also, although the preferred embodiments described herein power thecompression elements 36, 38, using electrical power supplied by one ormore batteries, alternatively, they could be powered by AC electricityby plugging the system in using an AC power cord, compressed gas, springloaded power (which may offer ways to “hand crank” to power w/oelectricity), gas or suction from a remote source such as a traditionalbreast pump uses, etc.

Each compression element 36, 38 is operatively connected to a driver 44,46, respectively, for independent but coordinated driving and retractionof the compression elements 36, 38. When electrically-powered driversare used, a battery 48 is electrically connected to the drivers 44, 46and supplies the power necessary to operate the drivers 44, 46 to drivethe compression and retraction of the compression elements 36, 38.Optionally, a controller 52 may be electrically connected to the drivers44, 46 and may be configured to modify the operation of the compressionelements 36, 38 based on input received from an optional pressure sensor54 (or multiple pressure sensors) that may be placed at least onelocation to assess the pumping function and maintain an acceptablepumping negative pressure profile for a wide variety of milk expressionvolumes. As shown, pressure sensor 54 is placed in the inner housing 14to measure the negative pressure within the inner housing, which is theenvironment that the nipple is in. Alternatively or additionally, one ormore pressure sensors could be placed in tube 32 upstream of compressiondriver 36, in between the locations of compression drivers 36 and 38and/or downstream of compression driver 38. Further alternatively oradditionally, a pressure sensor could be placed in tube 32 near, butupstream of one-way valve 50. The pressure sensor 54 (and/or flow sensoror any other sensor employed)—may be inserted into the tube 32, but ispreferably designed in such a fashion such that it produces a signalthat correlates to a pressure (or flow) but may not necessarily itselfbe in contact with the fluid and/or gas generating the pressure or flow.This arrangement that does not directly contact the milk (interior ofthe tube 32) is preferred to simplify cleaning of the tube 32/breastadapter 10 or to make it cost feasible to provide the breast adapter10/32 as a disposable unit.

Sensor 54 is preferred to be a pressure sensor but could also be a flow,temperature, proximity, motion sensor or other sensor capable ofproviding information usable to monitor the safety or function of thepump mechanism of system 100. Preferably sensor 54 is located nearbywhere the tip of the nipple 3 is located to determine actual pressurebeing exposed to the breast 2/nipple 3, but other sensors 54 may belocated within the system 100, for example, near where the one-way valve50 is located, and can be used to monitor other features such as bag orexpulsion pressure or flow rate. With at least one sensor 54 present, bymonitoring either flow or pressure directly or indirectly and alsotaking into account the cycles and actual positions of the compressionelements 36, 38 over time, it is possible to derive/calculateapproximately the volume of milk produced during a pumping session aswell as understand the flow-rate at any particular time in a pumpingsession. The accuracy of this measurement is greatest when there is noleak of air around the breast 2 and also when there is negligible airwithin the tube 32, after elimination by a few cycles of the pumpingmechanism.

In one system set-up, an ideal minimum suction value of a cycle ispreset and a maximum suction value of a cycle is preset. Maximum suctionis achieved by the opening of one or more of the compression regions 40,42. The greater the opening/release (assuming the tubing 32 hascapacity), the greater the suction. A maximum suction for the system isachieved when both compression regions are completely released from thetubing 32, but preferably the system 100 is designed such that theoperating region would not include that state to allow for flexibilityin suction capacity. The minimum suction is the target minimum suctionat the breast 2 at each suction cycle. When this suction is achieved,the most proximal compression region 40 to the breast 2 is closed/sealedand the milk expressed during the previous cycle is expulsed by thesecond compression element 38 from the second region 42 through theone-way valve 50 into the storage container 60. The timing of theproximal compression is set by a combination of milk expression ratewithin a specified maximum suction achieved by the tube 32 and therelaxation rate and state of the expansion of the tube 32. Thus milkexpression sets the pace for the pump cycle at a targeted minimumsuction, whereas the degree of compression at the various compressionregions are set by maximum desired suction pressure and duration as wellas milk volume capacity within the system. Thus, in at least oneembodiment, a user can optimally set maximum peak pump pressure andmaximum valley pump pressure and the remainder of parameters within thesystem would automatically adjust themselves based on milk expressionrate and other fixed parameters within the system.

Controller 52 can also be pre-programmed for control of an operatingsequence for driving and retracting the compression members. Preferably,controller 52 is configured to drive and retract the compression members36, 38 via an active feedback loop, to adjust the positions of thecompression members 36, 38 as needed to establish the desired negativepressure (i.e., suction) profile for optimizing milk extractions. If acontroller 52 is not used, the drivers 44, 46 can be synchronized to runso that the compression drivers 36, 38 are operated in a desiredcoordinated manner. For example, one or more pumps can be operated in apredetermined manner without using pressure feedback. Alternatively, adifferent form of feedback may be employed, such as mentioned above.Even without any feedback, one or more compression elements may beoperated in a predetermined sequence to create vacuums. There may bepressure relief valves so that the vacuum level the nipple experiencesdoes not get too high into a harmful zone. Further optionally, pressuresensor 54 can be used to detect pressure changes indicative of milkvolume expressed to calculate an approximation of milk volume extracted.

A one-way valve 50 such as a duckbill valve or other type of one-wayvalve is provided at the end of tube 32 where it enters the milkcollection/storage container 60. Valve 50 prevents back flow of milkinto the tube 32, as well as preventing air from entering the proximalend of the tube and thereby maintains the suction (vacuum) level in thetube 32. In an alternative embodiment, a pressure relief valve can beprovided in the breast adapter 10 near the nipple 3. The pressure reliefvalve can be configured to release at vacuums greater than apredetermined amount, (e.g., vacuums less than −220 mm Hg). The one-wayvalve 50 can be configured and designed such that it allow fluid to flowthrough it only when the vacuum pressure is less than some threshold(e.g., pressures greater than or equal to −60 mmHg). The action of thecompression elements cycles between increasing vacuum when thecompression elements move in a direction away from tube 32 anddecreasing when the compression elements compress the tube 32, buttypically should not increase the vacuum to greater than thepredetermined maximum vacuum (e.g., not less than −220 mm Hg). As thecompression elements 36, 38 compress the tube 32, the pressure in thesystem 100 goes up and reaches the crack pressure of −60 mmHg, thatopens the one-way valve 50. The compression elements 36, 38 continuecompressing tube 32, pumping fluid (milk) through the one-way valve 50and into the collection container 60 until the compression elements 36,38 bottom out. As the compression elements 36, 38 reverse direction andpull away from the tube 32, they start the cycle again.

FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate the interaction between compression elements 36,38 and resilient tubing 32 and a pumping sequence according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. The resilient tube 32 has a lumen56 configured and dimensioned to deliver milk from the breast throughthe one-way valve 50 and into the milk collection/storage container 60.As illustrated, tube 32 is cylindrical and lumen 56 is circular incross-section, but in other embodiments, the lumen 56 could be oval orother cross-sectional shape. Likewise, tube 32 could have an oval orother cross-sectional shape. The cross-sectional shapes of the lumen 56and tube 32 are typically the same, but need not be. In one preferredembodiment, the suction (vacuum) established by the system isestablished solely by the resilient, “spring-back” action of the tubing32. Tubing 32 is designed and configured to establish a maximumsuction/vacuum in the range of less than −60 mm Hg, preferably in therange of −120 mm Hg to −450 mm Hg, more preferably in the range of −180mm Hg to −400 mm Hg when rebounding from the closed configuration shownin FIG. 4B to a fully rebounded position as illustrated in FIG. 4A.Tubing 32 is designed so that the rebound of the regions 40, 42 createsa suction vacuum in the tube 32 sufficient to ensure that the system 100achieves vacuum around the nipple 3, so that any losses in the system100 are taken into account. The vacuum achieved at the breast nipple 3should achieve a maximum suction of at least up to 300 mmHg suction(−300 mm Hg pressure). Initially upon installation of system 100 to thebreast 2, it may take several cycles of the compression elements 36, 38before the vacuum reaches its maximum vacuum. In another embodiment theachievement of maximum suction may be as high as 450 mm Hg suction (−450mm Hg pressure).

In at least one embodiment, the maximum suction/vacuum capable of beingestablished by tube 32 is in the range of −180 mm Hg to −220 mm Hg,preferably about −200 mm Hg. This provides a built-in fail safe toensure that the suction/vacuum never exceeds a desired maximum operatingrange of −180 mm Hg to −220 mm Hg, preferably about −200 mm Hg, as thisis all that can be attained by the system. In another embodiment, themaximum suction/vacuum capability of the tube 32 is greater than adesired maximum operating suction/vacuum. For example, the maximumsuction/vacuum capability could be in the range of −220 mm Hg to −400 mmHg. This greater capability provides an advantage in that, over time,should the tube 32 lose some of its elasticity/resilience performance,then the maximum operating suction/vacuum can still be achieved, due tothe overdesign of the maximum suction/vacuum capability of the tube 32.

The elasticity/resilience properties of the tube 32 and inner housing 14may be identical, for ease of manufacturing and keeping down costs ofproduction. Alternatively, the elastic/resilience properties of the tube32 may be different downstream of the compression members 36, 38,relative to the elastic resilience properties of the tube 32 inlocations 40, 42. For example, the tube 32 downstream of locations 40,42 may be more resilient than the tubing portions 40, 42, less resilientthan tubing portions 40, 42 or even rigid. As noted above, the innerhousing 14 may be resilient, semi-rigid or rigid. In at least oneembodiment, the inner housing 14, tubing portions 40, 42 and tube 32downstream of portions 40, 42 are all integral, made of the samematerial, and have the same elastic/resilience properties. In otherembodiments, inner housing 14 may be more elastic, less elastic or equalin elasticity to regions 40, 42 and may be more elastic, less elastic orequal in elasticity to the elasticity of the tube 32 downstream of theregions 40, 42. The tube 32 may be itself resilient but the tube 32 mayoptionally also include embedded resilient members (like a coil orbraid) which would enhance the resiliency or strength of tube 32.

The present disclosure is designed to emulate the application of forcesapplied by a baby suckling from the breast to extract milk. Duringbreastfeeding the baby's tongue is applied to the nipple/areola regionof the breast. During suckling the baby draws the tongue down andslightly backwardly to create a suction/vacuum to start drawing milkinto the baby's mouth. The soft palate of the baby gets pulled againstthe back of the tongue thereby sealing off a suction/vacuum chamberforward of this contact, into which the milk drawn by thesuction/vacuum. After an amount of milk is received into the baby'smouth, the baby swallows. Once the tongue re-contacts the hard palate,this releases the maxim suction against the breast and opens a passageto allow milk to be transferred into the pharynx and then esophagus.During swallowing, as the tongue moves up and seals against the hardpalate, it creates a driving force to move the milk down the soft palateand into the esophagus. After swallowing the cycle is repeated by againdrawing the tongue down and slightly backwardly. During the entirecycle, the baby maintains negative pressure (suction/vacuum) on thenipple/breast. The present disclosure provides the first compressionelement 36 to function like the baby's tongue and hard palate, toestablish the constant suction against the breast, by sealing of thetubing in region 40. The second compression element 38 functions likethe swallowing/soft palate function. In this way, milk ducts are notoverly collapsed during a rest or lower suction pressure phase butrather the ducts are allowed to fill like when a baby is latched to abreast. This re-filling allows for more efficiency in milk extractionmore similar to a baby than conventional pump devices.

FIG. 4A shows the compression elements 36, 38 in a non-contactconfiguration (alternatively could be in contact, while notsubstantially compressing or deforming the tube 32) allowing theresilient tube to assume its full, un-deformed configuration. In thisconfiguration, the cross-sectional area of lumen 56 is equal in theregions 40 and 42 to the cross-section area of lumen 56 in locationsadjacent to 40 and 42 in the embodiment shown. In other embodiments, thecross-sectional area of lumen 56 in the regions 40 and 42 could beunequal to the cross-sectional area of lumen 56 in locations adjacent to40 and 42. Further alternatively, the cross-sectional areas in theregions 40 and 42 could be unequal to one another. FIG. 4B illustratesthe configuration of the compression elements 36, 38 in an initialstate. The initial state is the state that the pumping region is placedin when attaching the system to the breast. Once a seal has been formedby the compliant region 12 with the breast and the system has beenproperly placed, it can be turned on to begin a milk extraction process.

An initial suction/vacuum/suction is created by retracting compressionelement 36 (which is the compression mechanism nearer the breast) whichallows the resilient tubing to spring back toward its initial shape tocreate a local suction/vacuum in the open segment 16 of the tubing andthe inner housing 14 sealed against the breast. As the resilient tubingexpands toward its un-deformed configuration, it creates asuction/vacuum in the lumen 56. FIG. 4C shows the compression element 36having been fully retracted to establish the initial suction.Preferably, the tube 32 and the length 37 of compression member 36 aredesigned to establish a suction/vacuum by retracting element 36 asdescribed, which is at the low end of a range considered to besufficient for extracting milk. For example, tube 32 as shown in FIG. 4Ccould be configured to establish −120 mm Hg of suction/vacuum or −180 mmHg suction/vacuum or some other suction/vacuum level less than −60 mm Hgto around −220 mm Hg. The suction/vacuum that is created is sufficientto draw milk from the breast and into the lumen 56 in a location distalof, as well as underneath the compression element 36. As the resilienttube 32 is now a closed system, the suction/vacuum is maintained withthe lumen 56. The second compression member 38 can be withdrawn tofurther increase the suction/vacuum if desired, for example toaccommodate the increase in pressure (less vacuum) as milk enters thesystem 100 from the breast 2. The member 38 can retract further in thedirection away from tube 32 to compensate.

After a predetermined time or upon sensing a predetermined flow orvolume of milk extracted, the milk is then passed through the tube 32and valve 50 and into the container 60. FIG. 4D illustrates the secondcompression element 38 is starting to be retracted. At the same time thefirst compression element 36 is advanced to compress the tube 32 inregion 40. The movements of 36 and 38 are coordinated to achieve andmaintain a predetermined minimum suction/vacuum level, typically in therange of −40 mm Hg to −70 mm Hg, more typically −50 mm Hg to −60 mm Hg.The time of closure of the first compression element 36 may bepre-determined or the time for activation of closure of the firstcompression element 36 may be determined based on an algorithm thatincludes the pressure in the system 100, the mode in which the system100 is operating (e.g., letdown phase, extraction phase or expulsionphase, etc.) and/or other data such as milk expression rate, and timingof the second compression element 38. As the first compression element36 is advanced to close the first region 40, the second compressionelement 38 continues to be retracted to allow the second region 42 tocontinue opening, maintaining the desired minimum suction/vacuum profilethroughout until the first region 40 is closed fully leaving a desiredresidual suction/pressure (at the minimum suction/vacuum level) againstthe breast. This action drives the milk proximally through the lumen 56(driving to the left in FIG. 4D) as the suction is maintained. This isaccomplished by retracting the compression element 38 at the same timethat compression element 36 is extended to begin compressing the region40. As the region 42 expands and the region 40 compresses, this drivesthe milk towards the one way valve 50. Thus, the second compressionelement 38 functions like the swallowing/soft palate of the infant andthe one-way valve functions like the soft palate as it closes againstthe rear of the tongue during the peak suction phase to prevent backflowin the system. FIG. 4E shows compression element 36 fully compressingregion 40, thereby functioning as a closed valve, maintaining thesuction against the breast. Compression element 38 has been fullyretracted, as the milk has been pushed into the location of region 42and distally thereof. As noted previously, compression elements 36, 38are not limited to the embodiments shown. As one alternative example,compression elements 36, 38 may function like clamps or pliers, eachhaving two pads that squeeze together, compressing regions 40, 42therebetween. FIG. 4F shows the compression element 38 again beingextended, while the compression element 36 remains in the closed valveposition. The compression of region 42 by element 38 can begin as soonas the region 40 is fully closed off by element 36 to seal off theregion surrounding the breast. The compression by element 38 drives themilk out of region 42 and further downstream toward the one-way valve50. When the compression element 38 reaches the fully closed(compressed) position, as shown in FIG. 4B, the cycle repeats, and thecycle of movements illustrated in FIGS. 4B-4F continues over the courseof a milk extraction session.

The system 100 is capable of functioning successfully with the pumpingtube 32 in any relationship/orientation, relative to the nipple, but itis preferred to location the compression regions 40, 42 and compressionelements 36, 38 higher than the nipple 3 when the systems 100 isattached to the breast 2. In this arrangement, bubbles of air that maybe fed through the tube 32 early in the pumping cycle so that the tube32 is eventually mostly filled with milk, from the nipple 3 all the wayto the one-way valve 50. The benefit of this is that the system 100 thenbecomes very energy efficient, as it approaches a fully hydraulicsystem. Since milk is essentially incompressible, the value of having asystem 100 that does not have a substantial amount of air allows forsuction pressure to be communicated sustainably within the system in arelatively uniform fashion with much less losses of energy into thefluid itself.

As noted, the pump mechanism requires independent, coordinatedcompression/release of two adjacent sections of resilient tube 32 toperform the extraction and delivery of the milk from the breast to thecollection container 60. Although two drivers 44, 46 are shown in theembodiment of FIG. 3, alternatively, both compression elements could bedriven by a single driver to move in a coordinated manner. However, twoindependently operating drivers are preferred, as they can be controlledmore flexibly to vary the coordination between movements of the twocompression elements 36, 38, if needed. The system 100 is capable ofmaintaining a negative pressure against the breast at all times similarto a normal breastfeeding baby.

In an embodiment which employs one or more pressure sensors 54 andcontroller 52, the pressure at the location(s) of the one or moresensors 54 can be monitored throughout the milk extraction process.During the opening of region 40 as described above with regard to FIG.4C, the pressure is monitored until a desired milk extractionsuction/vacuum level is achieved. In this case, the tubing 32 andcompression element 36 dimensions can be designed to achieve a greatersuction/vacuum than the low end of the range of suction/vacuumconsidered to be effective for extracting milk, for example, to achievea suction/vacuum in the range of −180 mm Hg to −450 mm Hg. In this case,the feedback from the pressure sensor 54 to controller 52 lets thecontroller know when the desired suction/vacuum has been achieved andthe controller 52 can control the driver 44 to halt the retraction ofthe compression element 36 at a position less than fully retracted, andthus still partially compressing the region 40, when the desiredsuction/vacuum level has been reached. Additionally or alternatively, incases where full retraction of element 36 does not achieve a desiredsuction/vacuum level, element 38 can be retracted by an amount thatbrings the suction/vacuum level up to the desired suction/vacuum level.

The relative positions of the compression elements 36, 38 correlate tothe volumes of the tube in regions 40 and 42 as long as the compressionelements 36, 38 are in contact with the tube 32. Thus, by knowing thetotal volume of the remainder of the tube 32 and breast adapter 10making up the suction/vacuum space, it is possible to estimate thevolume of milk pumped by the system, once the tube 32 distal of thepumping region 30 has been filled with milk and the extraction phasebegins, by calculating the volumes of regions 40 and 42 over the courseof extraction and expulsion. Alternatively, additional information, suchas provided by monitoring pressure changes at the breast 2; speed anddirection of compression elements 36, 38; and/or force and/or pressuredata history to the present time, may be used to calculate an estimateof volume pumped. Further optionally, a flow sensor or optical sensormay be employed to provide an estimate of volume and/or measurement ofthe extent of filling of tube 32 in a predefined region of the tube 32to help in estimating the volume of milk pumped. By assuming the amountof fluid in the system 100 (tube 32 filled) and then knowing thepressure curve representing the pressure contained within the system 100over time, any changes in pressure can take into account compressionelement 36, 38 position, speed and direction and then estimate theimpact due to milk flow from the breast 2.

FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate operation of a system 100 having only onecompression element 38 according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. In this embodiment, first and second one-way valves 50′, 50″are provided adjacent opposite end of the compression region 42 of thetube 32 where the tube is compressed by compression element 38. FIG. 5Ashows the initial configuration of the system when it is first appliedto the breast 2. After a seal of the system 100 to the breast 2 isaccomplished in any of the manners described previously, and letdown hasoccurred, pumping of expressed milk can be performed by compressingregion 42 with compression element 38 as illustrated in FIG. 5B. As thepressure increases due to the compression of region 42, milk is driventhrough one-way valve 50′ as indicated by the leftward directed arrow inFIG. 5B. At the same time, one-way valve 50″ prevents backward flow ofthe milk and maintains vacuum against the breast 2. In FIG. 5C, ascompression element 38 is retracted away from tube 32, tube 32resiliently expands to increase vacuum (drop the pressure) in tube 32.This closes the one-way valve 50′ and opens the one-way valve 50″ toextract milk from the breast 2 and into the region 42. Extraction andpumping of milk can be continued by cycling between the phases shown inFIGS. 5B and 5C.

In order to prevent vacuum of against the breast from becoming toostrong (limit pressure from going too low), the compression element 38may be controlled by slow control of driver 46. If no flow of milk isdetected, the driver 46 may be controlled to stop the pumping operation.Alternatively, the driver 46 may be controlled to pump for apredetermined amount of time past the detection of no flow, in order tofurther stimulate the nipple 3/breast 2 which may signal or conditionthe breast 2 to increase milk production. The system 100 can be providedwith a relief valve 502 in or adjacent to the breast adapter 10. Therelief valve 502 may be set to open when a predetermined maximum vacuumlevel has been reached, e.g., −200 mm Hg, −220 mm Hg or the like. Thisis typically the maximum vacuum level that is intended to be applied forexpressing milk from the breast 2. The relief valve may be independentof the operation of the one-way valve 50″ as shown, or alternatively,may be configured to squeeze or vibrate the one-way valve 50″ so as toclose it to prevent the vacuum against the breast 2 from exceeding themaximum predetermined vacuum. Once the one-way valve is overcome by thevibration or squeezing, the vacuum against the breast is prevented fromexceeding the maximum vacuum.

Breast milk container 60 is preferably a flexible bag that is fittedover the main body/housing 34 in a collapsed state so that it does nottake up any significant volume until milk is received therein, butclosely follows the contours of the housing 34, so as to be received ina bra 130 and between the bra and housing, without enlarging the overallsize of the system 100 as received in the bra. As stated, the containeris also contemplated to be placed within the housing adjacent or aboutpumping structure, or alternatively, between pumping structure and theuser's breast. The one-way valve is connected to the proximal end of thetube 32 (having been positioned in the channel 232) to complete theassembly of the system 100 to the condition shown in FIG. 1. Disassemblycan be just as easily performed by reversing the order of the assemblydescription above.

FIG. 6 illustrates a main body/housing 34 of system 100, without acontainer 60 having been attached or the tube 32 and adapter 10 havingbeen attached, to illustrate dimensions of the components shown,according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. It is noted herethat the present disclosure is not limited to the dimensions disclosedwith regard to FIG. 6, but may be varied, as this is only one specificembodiment of the disclosure. Any or all of the dimensions may beincreased or decreased as needed, for example to adapt to differentbreast sizes, etc. The outside diameter 240 of the system housing 34 inFIG. 6 is 9 cm. The total thickness 242 of the device housing 34 (andthus the entire system 100 when container 60 is in the collapsedconfiguration) in FIG. 6 is 4 cm. The opening 244 at which the proximalend of tubing 32 is attached to the one-way valve has a diameter ofabout 13 mm. The receptacle 230 for housing the breast adapter 10 has adiameter 246 of 4.5 cm. Also shown is a display 250 which can beoutputted to by controller 52, for example, to indicate if an air leakdevelops, what the current suction/pressure reading in the adapter 10tube 32 is, approximate value of milk volume having been expressed,approximate flow rate of milk, pressure waveforms, phases of feedingtiming, rest programming, heating applied to breast, vibration appliedto breast, etc. The display can also indicate when the system is on andwhen it is off, duration time of a pumping session; time of day, date,count down times, speed or frequency of pumping cycles, strength ofvacuum, etc. The display can be backlit to facilitating reading it inthe dark. Additionally, controls 252 are provided to allow differentmodes of operation by the user, including, but not limited to: power up;on/off state indication; increases or decreases applied to various modessuch as pumping cycle frequency, vacuum strength; selection of pumpingprogram versions; timer, etc. The controls are conveniently locatedalong an exterior surface of the device for easy access by a user.Alternatively, display 250 could consist only of a light, such as anindicator light. Further alternatively, a light may be providedunderneath one or more of the controls 252 or where the milk tube 32exits the main body 34. Such lights disclosed could be configured toilluminate in different colors to indicate various modes or informationor may also flash. Additionally or alternatively, an audio feature suchas a speaker and amplifier may be provided to produce one or a varietyof sounds to alert the user to various modes, end of pumping session,time, various pressure thresholds being reached, etc. When display 250is used to communicate volume of milk being pumped, duration of thepumping cycle, which mode the pump is in, or read out the pressure formin/max which could be settable by the user.

It is further noted that the receptacle 230 (for housing the breastadapter 10 and thus receiving the nipple) is not centered in the housing34, but is positioned so that its center is below the center of thehousing 34. This causes the system 100 to not be centered around thenipple of the breast, but to ride in a higher position, relative to thebreast, so as to better conform to the anatomy of the user, and be lessnoticeable when worn in a bra 130. Additionally, the inner surface 254is not flat, but is tapered. From the edge/periphery of the innersurface 254 to the inner nipple housing 230 the inner surface is taperedto form a cup shape. As the breast adapter 10 is placed against thebreast 2, it is ideally concave to allow it to receive the breast 2comfortably and provide a smooth surface to create an effective suctionseal. Thus, surface 254 tapers slightly to conform to the breast 2, tostill further make wearing of the system 100 less noticeable. There maybe a slight bulge in the taper to to provide a better sealing zoneagainst/around the breast 2.

FIG. 7 illustrates a breast adapter 10/tube 32 configured anddimensioned to be attached to the embodiment of the main body/housing 34of system 100 shown in FIG. 6. As with FIG. 6, it is noted here that thepresent disclosure is not limited to the dimensions disclosed withregard to FIG. 7 but may be varied, as this is only one specificembodiment of the disclosure. The outside diameter 256 of the breastadapter 10 at its opening in 4 cm. The inside diameter 258 of the breastadapter 10 in the region when the nipple is received is 20 mm as shown.The breast adapter necks down 260 at a location designed to minimize thedistance that it is located beyond the extent that the nipple isstretched when it is formed into a teat under maximum suction/vacuumapplied by the system 100. It is noted that the neck down region 260 isoptional and is not included in many of the embodiments. If present,neck down region 260 is provided to create a light seal against thenipple/teat 3. Alternatively, a smooth wall of the breast adapter10/tubing 32 is provided along the side to allow the nipple/teat 3 tomove freely, as shown in FIG. 7B. The assemblies as shown in FIGS. 7A-7B(as well as the remainder of the system 100) is designed so that theinterface or opening of the breast adapter 10A is substantiallyperpendicular to the longitudinal axis 2L of the breast 2 and nipple 3as it is formed into a teat by the system 100. Alternatively, the breastadapter 10 may be configured so that the longitudinal axis 2L forms anacute angle with the opening surface or the breast adapter/back surfaceof the system 100, as illustrated in FIG. 7D. Such a configuration canreduce the thickness, or distance which the system 100 extends from thebreast.

The distance between the necked down region 260, or smooth region 260′that transitions to the tube 32 is preferably in the range of about 1 mmto 5 mm. The inside diameter 262 of the tube 32 where it integrates withthe breast adapter 10 proximally of the neck region 260 is 20 mm inthese embodiments. The tubing 32 then tapers down to an inside diameterof 6 mm in the regions to be compressed and proximal of these regions,all the way to the proximal end of the tube 32. The opening 244 of themain body 34 has an inside diameter of about 13 mm and is configured anddimensioned to accommodate tube 32 with some extra clearance, to allowthe extension 62 (male embodiment) to overlap the tube 32. The breastadapter 10/tube 32 unit is configured to be removed from the system 100,as shown, for cleaning after use, and then reattachment in housing 34.The regions 40, 42 snap fit (or friction fit) between portions of thecompression elements 38, 36 into groove or channel 430 upon attachmentof breast adapter 10/tube 32 to the housing 34, see FIG. 42, so thatregions 42, 40 can be compressed without impinging on the breast adapterportion 10.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are schematic, front and side illustrations,respectively, of a breast pump system 100 showing placement and routingof tube 32 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. In thisembodiment, the distal end portion of tube 32 that integrates with thebreast adapter that receives the nipple 3 of the breast is positionedbelow the nipple 3 so that it forms a milk collection well 32W tofacilitate filling and priming of the pump region 40. Once milk enterstube 32 and into pump zone 40, the tube 32 can be routed in anydirection. In the embodiment shown, the tube bends up and around thehousing 34 to a location at the top of the housing 34 where it can beattached to container 60 with one-way valve therebetween. As noted,different routing schemes for routing the tube 32 may be used, such asrouting to the side of the housing rather than to the top, or routinghorizontally from the well 32W to the side of the housing 34 and then upand around to the top of the housing 34, or routing past the pumpingregions shown in FIG. 8A and then back down to the bottom of the housing34.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable to change dimensions and/ormaterials of the tube 32 along the length thereof. FIG. 9 is a schematicside illustration of one example of a system 100 having varyingdimensions along the length of the tube 32, and optionally, varyingmaterials from which the various portions of the tube 32 are made.Further optionally, the thickness of the wall of the tube 32 may varyalong the length thereof to change resilience performance/compliancecharacteristics, whether the varying sections are of the same materialor of different materials, as well as whether one or more sections arereinforced with braids, coils or the like to increase stiffness. In thisembodiment, the well region 32W has the smallest diameter orcross-sectional dimension of any of the regions of the tubing, so as tominimize the volume of milk that needs to be collected in the pre-pumpregion of the tubing 32 before milk starts entering the pumping regions40, 42 to be pumped. The pumping regions 40, 42 of the tube have thelargest diameter, to allow more pressure change per length of tubing 32to be generated, as a longer compression stroke by the activators 36, 38is allowed. Downstream (proximal) of the regions 40, 42, the tube may beformed of a relatively more rigid material than that portion forming theregions 40, 42, in order to reduce the compliance and increase the flowof milk form the regions 40, 42 to the container 60. Additionally, oroptionally, the portion of tube 32 downstream of region 42 may be formedto have a smaller diameter than the portions 40, 42.

FIG. 10 illustrates a series of events that may be carried out inoperating a system according to the present disclosure when carrying outa milk extraction process from the breast. At event 502, the system isattached to the breast, which includes sealing the compliant region 12of the breast adapter 10 to form a substantially airtight (the systemcan overcome and accommodate small air leaks) and substantiallyliquid-tight seal therewith to minimize or eliminate leakage of breastmilk. There are different embodiments for accomplishing this task. Amost basic and preferred embodiment is to form the seal bysuction/vacuum alone. This can be accomplished by actuating a systemactuator 82 (see FIG. 1) to power up the system and begin generatingsuction/vacuum. Actuator 82 may power up the controller 52 when present,or power up the drivers 44, 46 to run a predetermined routine when acontroller 52 is not present. The establishment of the seal can beaccomplished by retracting the first compression element 36 in a manneras described when going from the orientation shown in FIG. 4B to that ofFIG. 4C. If a seal does not establish with the first retraction ofelement 36, then the element 36 can be cycled between the positionsshown in FIGS. 4C and 4B until an adequate seal has been achieved.During cycling, as the element 36 compresses, this drives air outbetween the breast and the compliant region 12, and during eachretraction of element 36, static suction (vacuum) is increasing builtup, thereby increasing suction/vacuum within the breast adapter 10 andtube 32 with each cycle. In embodiments where a pressure sensor 54 andcontroller 52 are employed, the controller 52 can cycle the element 36until a predetermined level of suction/vacuum has been achieved, whichestablishes that a sufficient seal has been formed. Advantageously, thiscycling of the element 36 also facilitates let down of the breast milk,readying it to be extracted.

In an alternative embodiment, the seal may be established by a tacky oradhesive surface 84 may optionally be provided on an inner surface ofcompliant region 12 (see FIG. 2). The tacky surface may be provided byapplication of an adhesive, such as the type of adhesive used for stomabags used for colostomy patients, or other effective and biocompatibleadhesive or tacking agent. The sealing of the compliant region 12against the breast may be established via the tacky surface 84 alone (orwith a surface treated with a material that gets tack when heated by thebody temperature of the breast 2 as it contacts the breast), or togetherwith establishment of suction/vacuum as described in the previousembodiment. Further, optional application of pressure and/or heat mayfurther facilitate sealing of the tacky region against the breast. Inanother embodiment, which may be used together with any of the previousembodiments, or by itself, the breast adapter 10 is configured to becompressed, once applied to the breast and then released. The breastadapter 10 then resiliently returns to its original configuration, thusestablishing a suction/vacuum and sealing the compliant region 12 to thebreast, much in the same way that a suction cup is stuck to a flatsurface. In addition, the system may be handheld against the breastuntil sufficient suction/vacuum is established to generate the seal.Further optionally, the system may be supported in a bra configured tohold the system during its operation.

At event 504, the system establishes a suction/vacuum level sufficientto extract milk from the breast. This is accomplished by controllingmovements of the compression element 36 and optionally controllingmovements of compression element 38 in coordination with movements ofcompression element 36. An initial vacuum/suction is created byretracting compression element 36 (which is the compression mechanismnearer the breast) to create a local suction/vacuum against the breast.As the resilient tubing expands toward its un-deformed configuration, itcreates a suction/vacuum in the lumen 56. FIG. 4C shows the compressionelement 36 having been fully retracted to establish the initial suction.Preferably, the tube 32 and the length 37 of compression member 36 aredesigned to establish a suction/vacuum by retracting element 36 asdescribed, which is at the low end of a range considered to besufficient for extracting milk. For example, tube 32 as shown in FIG. 4Ccould be configured to establish −120 mm Hg of suction/vacuum or −180 mmHg suction/vacuum or some other suction/vacuum level less than −60 mm Hgto around −220 mm Hg. The suction/vacuum that is created is sufficientto draw milk from the breast and into the lumen 56 in a location distalof, as well as underneath the compression element 36. As the resilienttube 32 is now a closed system, the suction/vacuum is maintained withthe lumen 56. The second compression member 38 can be withdrawn tofurther increase the suction/vacuum if desired. In embodiments wherecontroller 52 and pressure sensor 54 are employed, feedback from thepressure sensor to the controller can indicate whether thesuction/vacuum is sufficient to establish milk flow from the breast, asthe pressure sensed will drop once milk enters the system. If thefeedback loop between the controller establishes that extraction of milkhas not yet begun, then the controller 52 can incrementally controlretraction of the compression member 38 until sufficient suction/vacuumis established to cause milk to start to be extracted, as confirmed bythe pressure-controller feedback loop. This control of the secondcompression member 38 can be subsequent to the fully retraction of thefirst compression member 36 or can be carried out during the retractionof the first compression member. Further alternatively, the firstcompression member may not be fully retracted, but some combination ofpartial retractions of the members 36, 38 can be established to achievethe desired suction/vacuum level. In instances where the predeterminedsuction/vacuum level that the tube 32 is designed to established uponfull retraction of the compression element 36 alone is not sufficient toextract milk for a particular user, the controller can be programmed bythe user to initially establish a suction/vacuum greater than thatpredetermined suction/vacuum level, so that the controller willautomatically operate the compression elements 36, 38 initially toestablish this greater suction/vacuum level, irrespective of pressuresensor feedback. The pressure-controller feedback loop can then still beused to adjust suction/vacuum as needed to extract milk.

Once the milk extraction has begun, the suction/vacuum is maintained atevent 506 for a predetermined time, or until a predetermined volume ofmilk has been extracted, or when a predetermined minimum pressure hasbeen achieved to indicate that a predetermined volume of milk has beenexpressed into the system 100. By continually measuring the pressure inthe system (preferably, but not necessarily, in the vicinity of thenipple), an estimate of the volume of milk extracted can be calculatedby the controller 52. As milk enters the suction/vacuum space, thepressure drops. The volume of milk received in the suction/vacuum spaceis proportional to the pressure drop and therefore the volume of milkcan be estimated by knowing the pressure drop. This is also dependenthowever, upon ensuring that the seal between the system and the breasthas not been broken and that no other air leaks have developed. As anair leak will register in the system as a continuous, somewhat constantpressure change toward zero, it can be readily distinguished from thechanges in vacuum measured by receipt of milk into the suction/vacuumspace, as these changes are less continuous and will continue toincrease the pressure (reduce vacuum/suction), rather than remainrelatively constant.

After the predetermined time has expired, or, more preferably, inembodiments where the volume of milk extracted is estimated, the milk ismoved proximally from the region 42 at event 508, while sealing off thesuction/vacuum space distal of the region 42, using compression element36, while maintaining a constant suction/vacuum pressure on thebreast/nipple that is less than the extraction suction/vacuum, asdescribed above. This can be accomplished by compressing the tube 32with element 36 while simultaneously retracting compression element 38to maintain the desired suction/vacuum level until the seal is formed byelement 36, as described above with regard to FIGS. 4D-4E. The rate atwhich the elements 36 and 38 are extended and retracted, respectively,and the amount of retraction of element 38 are dynamically adjusteddepending upon the variables of the system, including the volume of milkpresent and the suction/vacuum level used during the extraction phase.

Once the compression element 36 has sealed off the tube 32 at region 40,the compression element 38 is immediately controlled to expel the milkfrom region 42 during the expulsion phase, by moving the milk proximallyof the region 2. This is accomplished by extending the compressionelement 38, from whatever position it ended up in during event 506, tothe fully compressed position to close off the tubing and drive the milkproximally from the region 42. This motion of the compression element 38generates a positive pressure driving force, which is advantageous inthat the milk can be pumped through the valve 50 and into the container60 regardless of the orientation of the components, even directlyagainst gravity. At this stage, the compression elements 36, 38 arepositioned as shown in FIG. 4B and the processing returns to event 504to carry out another cycle of milk extraction.

FIG. 11 illustrates events that may be carried out in a control processfor extracting milk according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. At event 602 the compliant region 12 of breast adapter 10 iscontacted to the breast such that the tube 32 is properly aligned withthe nipple of the breast and a seal is established, in any of themanners already previously described. At event 604, suction/vacuum isgenerated in the breast adapter, which facilitates the sealing of event602 if not already firmly established and establishes suction/vacuum tobe used in milk extraction. The suction/vacuum pressure is continuallymonitored by the controller 52, either continuously or intermittently.At event 606, if a sufficient suction/vacuum has been achieved toestablish the seal. An initial seal can be established by a vacuum thatcan be maintained in the pressure range of −1 mm Hg to −60 mm Hg, whenthe system 100 is supported by a bra 130. In practice, the system can beprogrammed with a threshold seal vacuum level confirming that a seal hasbeen established, wherein the threshold seal vacuum level is in therange of −20 mm Hg to −60 mm Hg. In one particular embodiment, thethreshold seal vacuum level is −40 mm Hg. Of course, it is understoodthat vacuum pressures of less than −60 mm Hg are also sufficient toestablish the seal. If there are no leaks and a sufficientsuction/vacuum (predetermined suction/vacuum level) has beenestablished, then processing proceeds to event 608. If the pressurereading indicates that there is a leak or that a sufficientsuction/vacuum level has not been otherwise established, thensuction/vacuum is continued to be generated at event 604. This can beaccomplished by cycling the compression element 36 in a manner asdescried above. Additionally, if the pressure reading indicates an airleak, the user may readjust the interface between the compliant region12 and the breast, which may optionally include adding an adhesiveand/or holding or pushing the system 100 against the breast 2 untilsufficient sealing vacuum has been established. The cycling from events606 to 604 continues until sufficient suction/vacuum has been created toestablish the seal.

At event 608 the suction/vacuum is adjusted to a predeterminedextraction suction/vacuum level, which is greater that the residualsuction/vacuum level that is applied to the breast at times when milk isnot being extracted. This predetermined extraction suction/vacuum levelcan be any of those previously described above, and is established bycontrolling movements of the compression element 36 and optionally 38,as described above. The pressure continues to be monitored by thecontroller 52 in a manner as described above.

At event 610, if the pressure drops and the pressure drop ischaracteristic of receiving milk into the suction/vacuum space and thata seal has been maintained, then processing goes to event 618. If thepressure has not dropped in a manner to indicate receipt of milk in thesuction/vacuum space, then at event 612 it is determined whether thepressure has dropped characteristically to indicate an air leak. If anair leak is indicated, then the user may be prompted, via an audiblesignal, or a message, such as on display 250, vibration of the system,automatic shutoff of the system, a signal or message sent to an externaldevice such as a smartphone, or an indicator light, and the user canreadjust the compliant region 12 contact with the breast to eliminatethe air leak. Such adjustment may include any or all of: applying handpressure on the system against the breast; rotating or otherwiserepositioning the compliant region 12; removing the compliant region 12from contact with the breast, applying adhesive to the compliant region12 and reestablishing contact between the compliant region and thebreast. Once the adjustment of the contact has been completed, thesystem returns to event 604. Distinguishing between an air leak and milkextraction is not necessarily important, as the system 100 is capable ofadapting even if a consistent air leak is present. In the operatingsuction range, air leaks will be unusual and if such a leak exists itwill be a big leak, such as when the system 100 is temporarily removedfrom the breast 2, and this will result in a much more rapid pressurerise than that due to milk extraction.

Referring back to event 618, if the pressure has dropped sufficiently sothat the estimation of milk volume collected equals or exceeds apredetermined volume (e.g., a volume in the range of 0.02 to 0.064 oz.,typically about 0.032 oz., then the system is controlled to change fromthe extraction phase to the expulsion phase at event 622 and the milk isexpulsed downstream (proximally) of the regions 40 and 42 in an manneras already described. After expulsion has been completed, processingreturns to event 608 to carry out another extraction phase of the cycle.The cycle can be continued for a predetermined time, or until apredetermined volume of milk has been estimated to have been extracted,or for a predetermined number of cycles, or for any combination of theseendpoints, where the first endpoint reach will discontinue the cycling.Such decision is determined at event 624. Once the condition(predetermined time, predetermined volume of milk and/or predeterminednumber of cycles) has been met, the system shuts down at event 626. Forexample, for a typical pumping session in which 150 ml of milk isextracted and pumped, if the session last fifteen minutes, the system100 pumps 10 ml of milk per minute. A baby suckling the breast 2typically suckles about 30 times a minute. To replicate this, the system100 cycles about thirty times a minute, with each stroke of the system100 passing on average about 0.33 ml. (0.33 ml/cycle). Thus the volumecapability of the pumping system 100 is configured to accommodate atleast about 0.33 ml within each compression region (probably a bit moreto allow for variation amongst women) but generally around that amount.As there is some natural “dead volume” between the nipple 3 and thefirst compression region 40, and then a desirable small amount of deadspace between the last compressor 38 and the one way valve 50, thisvolume should also be compensated for in the volume capability of thesystem 100.

The present advantage provides extremely good control over thesuction/vacuum pressure waveforms established by the system against thebreast. In particular, the generation of suction/vacuum by the element36 is closely adjacent the breast itself, so there is very little lossin the transmission of suction/vacuum pressure from the element 36 tothe breast. In existing systems, suction/vacuum pumps are located at amuch greater distance from the breast and pressure head losses of up to200 mm Hg have been measured from pump to breast, in some instances. Thedistance 92 (see FIG. 12) between the compression element 36 and the endof the nipple when drawn into the open section 16 by suction/vacuum toform a teat 2′ is minimized to maximize the responsiveness of theapplication of suction/vacuum to the breast. Additionally, theminimization of distance 92 helps to reduce the total amount of distancethat the system extends from the breast when worn. When the teat 2′ ismaximally extended, the distance 92 may be in the range of about 0.5 mmto about 3 mm, typically about 1 mm to 2 mm.

The distance 94 (length of the compression member 36) is related to theamount of suction/vacuum to be achieved by moving the element from theposition shown in FIG. 4B to the position shown in FIG. 4A. Thelength/distance of compression member may vary, depending upon theamount of suction and displacement desired by this component. Forexample, length/distance 94 may be a value within the range of 0.2 cm to6 cm, typically about 2 cm. The distance 96 between the elements 36 and38 should be minimized so as to minimize the dead space between thecompression elements, as element 38 does not drive the contents in thisspace proximally, and it must be moved in the succeeding cycle. Thus,the larger the distance 96 is, the less efficient the expulsion phaseis. The distance 96 can be a value in the range of 0 mm to 5 mm,preferably as close to 0 mm as can be achieved. The distance 98 (lengthof the second compression element 38) is designed so as to provide amplereserve suction/vacuum generation capability, so that the suction/vacuumpressure on the breast 2 can be dynamically adjusted to accommodate fora variety of different variables that occur when using by the same user,as well as across uses by different users including, but not limited to:vary rates of milk extracted, various amount of total volume of milkextracted (ranging from about 0 ml to 240 ml, typically about 76 ml milkper breast 2 per extraction session), amount of suction/vacuum needed toextract milk, etc. For example, length/distance 98 may be a value withinthe range of 0.2 cm to 6 cm, typically about 2 cm. The distance 102between the proximal end of the second compression element 38 and theone-way valve 50 should also be minimized to reduce the volume of milkbetween the pumping mechanism and the valve 50, which does not getpumped out of the tube 32 until one or more successive cycles. In oneexample, distance 102 was a length holding a volume of milk when full ofabout 0.25 ml to 3 ml, typically about 1 ml.

FIGS. 13A-13B show partial views of system 100 that employs a secondcompression element 38 according to another embodiment of the presentdisclosure. In this embodiment, the compression effector 38A isrotationally mounted relative to driver 38B via joint 104. As thecompression element is advanced against the tube 32, the mechanism 104rotates the compression effector 38A relative to the drive 38A(clockwise, as shown in FIG. 13B) so that the distal end portion of thecompression effector 38A advances more than the proximal end portion asit rotates, as shown in phantom in FIG. 13A. At a predetermined distance(such as when the distal end portion of 38A seals off the tube 32, or atsome other predetermined distance less than the distance required forsealing), the mechanism 104 reverse rotates the compression effector 38A(counterclockwise, as shown in FIG. 13B) to advance the proximal endportion of the compression effector 38A further against the tube 32.These actions provide a better force vector for expulsing the milktoward the one-way valve (in the direction of arrow 106), as compared toa compression element 38 having a compression effector 38 that does notrotate.

FIGS. 13C-13E show another rotational compression element 38 accordingto an embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment,compression effector 38A and an upper portion of shaft 38B arerelatively rigid, while a lower portion of the shaft, where it joins thecompression effector 38A is elastic and forms the joint 104. As thecompression element 38 advances toward tube 32, the lower portion of thecompression effector 38A contacts the tube 32 first. As the compressionelement 38 continues its advance and begins compressing tube 32, theequal and opposite force pushing against the compression effector 38A bytube 32 deflects the joint 104 by the lever arm provided by the lowerportion of the compression effector 38A applied against the joint. Thiscauses rotation of the compression effector 38A (in the counterclockwisedirection shown in FIG. 13D, increasing the angle 910). This rotationcan continue until the compression effector becomes perpendicular to theshaft 38B and aligned with the tube 32, with angle 910 forming a rightangle, as shown in FIG. 13E, depending upon the distance by which thecompression element 38 is advanced against the tube 32. Upon retractionof element 38 away from the tube, joint 104 resiliently returns to itsunbiased configuration as shown in FIG. 13C. FIG. 38F shows stillanother embodiment of compression element 38 configured to perform inthe same manner as the embodiment of FIG. 13C, but where the elasticjoint 104 has been replaced by a pin joint 104 and biasing member 910interconnecting a portion of the compression effector 38A to the shaft38B above the pin joint 104 so as to bias the compression effector 38Aat a non-perpendicular orientation relative to the shaft 38B.

FIG. 14 shows a partial view of system 100 that employs a secondcompression element 38 according to another embodiment of the presentdisclosure. In this embodiment, the compression effector 38A issegmented to provide independently operable segments 38A that can beadvance and retracted individually. Although four segments are shown inFIG. 14, more or fewer could be employed to operate in a similar mannerto that described. Segments 38A are slidably mounted to driver 38B via atelescoping shaft 108 that is spring-loaded by biasing member 110 tobias the positions of the segments 38A relative to the driver 38B asshown in solid lines in FIG. 14. As the compression element 38 isadvanced against the tube 32, cam 108 rotates relative to the driver(clockwise, as shown in FIG. 14) thereby contacting the distal mostsegment first and extending it from the driver 38A so that it extendsinto the tube 32 further than the other segments 38A. Upon furtheradvancement of driver 38A and rotation of cam 108 the next-distal mostsegment 38A is contacted by cam 108 causing it to extend from the driver38A. The process can continue until all segments have been extended likethe distal most one shown in FIG. 14 to fully closes off the space 42.Upon retraction of the driver 38B, cam 108 reverse rotates and biasingmember retracts the segments 38A relative to driver 38B to the positionsshown in solid lines in FIG. 14 as they lose contact with the cam 108.Alternatively, the cam 108 can be designed to customize the finalprofile of the segments 38A when the driver 38B is fully extended, so asto arrange the amounts of extension of each individual segment 38A fromthe driver 38B by the distances desired. Further alternatively, thecompression element 38 can be designed so that the driver does not needto advance at all, but instead extends and retracts the segments 38Athough rotation and counter-rotation of the cam 108 and retractionforces provided by the biasing member 110.

FIG. 15 shows a partial view of system 100 that employs a firstcompression element 36 according to another embodiment of the presentdisclosure. This embodiment of compression element 36 can be combinedwith any of the embodiments of compression element 38 described herein.In this embodiment, the compression effector 36A of compression element36 is minimized, so that length 94 is in the range of about 1 to 4 mm,preferably about 1 to 2 mm, so that it is effective to seal off thetubing 32 (as described with regard to FIG. 4B), but operates in concertwith compression element 38 to establish sufficient suction/vacuum forextracting milk. By minimizing the length 94, less force is required toseal off the tube 32, as compared to the force necessary to seal thetube using the compression element 36 in the embodiment of FIG. 14, forexample, resulting in a savings of energy, which can lead to a smallerdriver 44 being used, a smaller battery 48 due to the lower energyrequirements, and/or longer operational time before the system 100 needsto be recharged or plugged in to an AC power source (in embodimentswhere this is possible). Response times of the system 100 may also befaster. The time required for the compression element 36 and the tube 32to completely seal or release may be shorter. Also, there is less volumethat is moved on the final close during feedback, so if the sealingelement 36 is near closing and waiting for the pressure feedbackcontrolling the larger compression element 38 to establish the desiredpressure before closing, the smaller profile corresponds with lessvolume change on that final seal motion. Therefore the sealing can bemore precisely and accurately controlled

FIG. 16A shows a partial view of system 100 according to anotherembodiment of the present disclosure, in which one or both ofcompression elements 36 and 38 are attached to the tube 32. Thecompression elements are attached to the tube 32 at 38C along a portionor all of the surface of each of the compression elements that contactsthe tube 32. The attachment may be by adhesive, welding and/ormechanical means such as banding, containment between jaws of a clampformed by a compression actuator, screwing and sealing, bolting andsealing, or the like. The attachment provides the system with thecapability of generating suction/vacuum by actively driving the portions40, 42 of the tube. Thus, the suction/vacuum can be generated by acombination of forces provided by the elasticity of the tube sections40, 42 and the driving forces applied by compression elements 36 and 38or by the forces applied by compression elements 36 and 38 alone. Oneadvantage that this arrangement may provide is that the response time ofthe tube 32 return to an uncompressed state could potentially be sped upby rapid movement control of the compression elements 36, 38.

FIG. 16B illustrates one way in which tube 32 can be configured forattachment to one or both of compression elements 36, 38, according toan embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, a tab 320is integral with tube 32 and extends radially therefrom to be connectedto a compression element 36, 38. Tab 320 may be made of the samematerial as tube 32 and integrally molded therewith, or may be laminatedto tube 32, or otherwise integrated therewith. Optionally, tab 320 maybe reinforced by a reinforcing layer 322, such as a fibrous mesh orother layer of material that is tougher than the material making up thetab. The reinforcing layer may be laminated inside of the tab materialor provided as a backing layer. Openings 324 are provided to facilitateconnection of the compression element 36, 38 to tab 322. Openings 322may be optionally reinforced by rings or grommets 326 integrally joinedin the openings by molding, welding adhesive or other expedient. FIG.16C is a partial cross-sectional illustration of compression element 36attached to tubing 32 according to the embodiment described with regardto FIG. 16B. A pin or rod 324 passes through opening 324 and connects tocompression element 36 at both ends. In an arrangement where acompression element 36, 38 connects to tubing 32, the actuation of thecompression element 36, 38 can assist in tube 32 expansion, therebyincreasing the speed at which the tube 32 rebounds from a compressedconfiguration and/or increasing force applied by expansion of the tube32.

FIG. 17A is a partial view of a system employing another embodiment ofcompression element 36. In this embodiment a small protrusion 36Dextends across the width of the compression effector 36A so that it issufficient to span the width of the tube 32 and seal it off when thecompression element 36 is fully extended. Because the length 114 of theprotrusion is very small, for example, in the range of about 1 to 4 mm,preferably 1 to 2 mm, there is much less force required to be applied tothe compression element 36 to seal off the tube as compared to sealingoff the whole length of the compression effector 36A, like what occursin the embodiment of FIG. 14. Likewise, the depth 116 by which theprotrusion 36D need not be great, in the range of 1 to 10 mm (with themaximum equal to the outside diameter or height in non-circularcross-section embodiments) of the tube 32, preferably 1 to 3 mm. Ofcourse the length of the protrusion 36D is not limited to the preferredvalues described, as any length short of the entire length of thecompression effector 36A could be employed, but the shorter the length,the greater the energy savings. Likewise the depth 116 could vary fromthe ranges supplied, but as the depth increases, the volume displaced bythe remainder of the compression effector will consequently decrease, sothere will be a tradeoff between energy saved and volume displaced, thatbeing an inverse relationship.

FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view of the compression element 36 takenalong line 12B-12B in FIG. 17A. This view shows that the remainder ofthe contact surface 36E (excluding the protrusion 36D) is contoured tofurther reduce energy expenditure while retaining substantial ability todisplace volume. In this embodiment, the cross-sectional shape of thecontour 36E is substantially V-shaped or U-shaped, so that the ridgeline36F that runs longitudinally of the compression effector 36A,preferably, but not necessarily midway of the width of the compressioneffector 36A and aligned with the longitudinal axis of the effector 36A.The ridgeline 26F contacts the tube 32 first and presses into it, and,with increasing compression, more and more of the contoured surfacecontacts and compresses the tube. However, none of the contoured surface36E seals off the tube, as that function is provided solely by theprotrusion 36D.

In the embodiments discussed thus far, the compression elements 36, 38compress the tube 32 against a substantially flat “anvil” surface of thechannel 232 in the 34 into which the tube is installed. FIG. 17C is across-sectional illustration of compression element 36 with tube 232being received in a channel 232 formed with a substantially planar orflat anvil surface 232A. Note that the width 232W of the channel 232 isgreater than the outside diameter of the uncompressed tube 32, so thereis room for the compressed tube 32 to widen as it is flattened. Also,the width of the compression element 36 is greater than the outsidediameter of the uncompressed tube 32, typically having a width aboutequal to the width of the fully compressed tube 32. Alternatively theanvil surface 232A of channel 232 may be substantially V-shaped incross-section, as illustrated in FIG. 17D and the compression element 36(and/or 38) may have a compression surface 36S that is substantiallyV-shaped. This results in a relatively lower force required to beapplied by the compression element 36 to completely seal off the tube32, compared to the amount of force required to seal off the tube 32 inthe embodiment shown in FIG. 17C. Still further, other non-flat anvilsurfaces 232A can be provided to lessen the overall force required bythe compression element 36 to seal off the tube 32. Another non-limitingexample of this is illustrated in FIG. 17E, where the anvil surface 232is concave, and the compression surface 36S is convex.

The rebound/recoil stored energy in the resilient tube 32 itself is theprimary if not sole means for generating suction within the system 100in preferred embodiments, as described above. As also described herein,one or both compression elements 36, 38 may be attached to the tube 32to supplement the recoil force of the tube 32. The vacuum is generatedby change in volume in the chamber/tube 32. As noted previously, tube 32need not be circular in cross-section, but could be any shape chamberwhere volume changes (with valves) generates the vacuum. The action ofthe rebounding walls of the tube/chamber 32 creates the vacuum. Othermeans of moving the walls can be magnetic, e.g., both compressionelements 36, 38 driven by various electromagnetic means to move them.Alternatively, electromagnetic members may be embedded into or attachedon the tube/chamber 32 walls that can be electromagnetically driven tochange positions of the walls to create the vacuum. Furtheralternatively, shape memory alloys (e.g., NITINOL, or the like) can bebuilt into or on the walls such that there is a pre shape/configurationand then with current, the shape changes and affects a shape change inthe tube geometry. The shape can start or be activated to compress thetube 32. Still further, any other structure/means to change the state ofa material via electricity or other means can be employed so that thechange in state drives a change in geometry of the tube/chamber 32 tochange volume. The system 100 is capable of maintaining a negativepressure against the breast at all times similar to a normalbreastfeeding baby. The breast 2 includes ducts through which the milkis expressed. As the expression suction/vacuum level is applied to thebreast, the diameter of the ducts increases due to the suction/vacuumcausing the expression of milk from the ducts. As the milk is expressedfrom these ducts, they become substantially depleted and collapse. Thisis typically when the baby swallows or when a milk extraction systemcycles to wait for the next extraction phase. In existing systems wherethe suction/vacuum is reduced to zero (atmospheric pressure) betweenextraction phases, the ducts contract and do not allow expression ofmilk, but allow some refilling of milk to occur from larger ductsupstream of the ducts that open to the surface of the nipple. In thecase of the nursing baby, as well as use of the present system 100, thesuction/vacuum applied to the breast between extraction phases(swallowing in the case of the baby, expulsion phase in the case of thepresent system) is maintained at a lower suction/vacuum pressure thanthe extraction suction/vacuum, but still greater than atmosphericpressure. In one non-limiting example, the extraction suction/vacuum isabout −200 mm Hg and the intermittent suction/vacuum applied to thebreast, between extraction phases, is about −50 mm Hg. Thissuction/vacuum applied between extraction phases is not great enough toextract milk from the nipple, but is sufficient to maintain a certainlevel of expansion of the radii of the ducts to allow more refilling tooccur between extraction phases, while not allowing substantialextraction of milk.

The drivers 44, 46 are each stepper motors in at least one embodiment,that are controlled by controller 52. Since the compression driver 36can be controlled to be always in either a fully open position or afully closed (sealed) position, it can be operated by a motor-drivencam, rather than a stepper motor, since it does not need anysophisticated stepper-motor drive input. In this case, the compressiondriver 38 can be controlled by a stepper motor for dynamic adjustment,via a feedback loop to the controller 52 that controls the stepper motor46 to: position the compression driver 38 to ensure the desired residualsuction/vacuum is applied to the breast when compression driver 36 sealsoff region 40; drive the compression driver 38 to generate theappropriate pressure wave form to expulse the milk; and drive thecompression driver 38 at a controlled rate and pressure of expulsion ofmilk across the one-way valve 50. Alternative drivers that can be usedas drivers 44, 46 include, but are not limited to: an electromagnet onone side of the compression element 36 or 38 with an iron or magneticcore on the other side of the tubing, opposite the compression element,such that when current is activated, the compression element compressesagainst the tube 32; cammed motors; or motors driving clamps on a linearor rotational rack and pinion drive train.

FIG. 18 is an isolated illustration of the milk collection/storagecontainer 60. In the embodiment as shown in FIG. 18, container 60 is aflexible, hemispherically shaped bag that envelopes the main body 34 ofthe system when installed on the system. The one-way valve 50 ispreferably provided as integral with the container 60, as shown, butcould alternatively be made to be removable, or could be integrally orremovably attached to tube 32. By providing the one-way valve 50 withinthe tubing integral to the container 60, this allows the container 60 tobe immediately sealed once detached from tube 32, which avoids leakage.Container 60 is preferably a compliant bag made of a biocompatible, foodgrade material such as LDPE. Alternative materials that can be usedinclude, but are not limited to: linear low density polyethylene(LLDPE), polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ethylene vinylacetate (EVA), high density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethyleneterephthalate (PET).

The collection of milk into container 60 is performed under the positivepumping force/pressure of the pumping mechanism/region 30. Thus thesystem 100 does not rely on gravity for collection of milk in thecontainer 60. This is advantageous, as it allows breast milk to beextracted and collected over even an uphill gradient, such as may occurwhen the user is lying down, bending over, or in environments such as abumpy ride, as in an automobile or airplane trip. This further allowsflexibility as to where the collection bag/container 60 (and the inputthereto) is located relative to the nipple of the breast. For example,the container 60 could be placed near, on, above, below or on the sideof the breast. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 5, the input tothe container 60 is above the breast when system 100 is mounted to thebreast. This facilitates easier attachment of the container 60, removalof the container 60 when full or needed to be used, and replacement ofanother container 60 on the system 100.

FIG. 19 illustrates the connection features of the tube 32 and container60 that allow for easy and rapid attachment and detachment of thecontainer to and from the tube 32. An extension 62 of the one-way valve50 is configured to form a snap fit, or lock via a detent 64 with amating receptacle 66 in a proximal end portion of tube 32 to rapidlyestablish and gas-proof and liquid-proof seal. One or more seals such asO-ring 63 or the like can be provided at the junction to facilitate thesealing process. For example, in the detent and receptacle arrangementshown, the container 60 can be easily and rapidly attached to the tube32 by inserting the extension 62 into the proximal end of the lumen 56and turning the extension 62/container 60 a quarter turn. Detachment canbe just as easily performed by turning a quarter turn in the oppositedirection. Other quick-connect mechanisms that are capable ofestablishing a quick and easy liquid-tight and gas-tight connectioncould be substituted for those described. It is noted that theconnection mechanism could alternatively be reversed, with the maleportion being on the proximal end of the tube 32 and the female portionbegin on the extension 62. Further alternatively, the one-way valve 50could be integrally formed at the distal end of the tube 32 with eithera male or female extension and the mating component of the connectionmechanism could be integrally formed at the opening of the container 60.

Upon removal from the system 100 (as well as prior to connecting thecontainer 60 to the system 100), the container 60 can be capped toprevent exit of fluid therefrom and also prevent air from entering thecontainer, as illustrated in FIG. 20. Cap 68 is provided with the samemating mechanism 66 as that found at the proximal end portion of tubing32, so that cap can be twisted a quarter turn, snap fit, or otherwiseattached to extension 62 in the same way that extension 62 forms aconnection with tubing 32. Still further, a feeding nipple 70 can beattached to extension 62, as shown in FIG. 21, in the same manner thattube 32 and cap 68 are attached, to form a liquid-tight and gas-tightseal with the extension, to allow feeding of a baby directly from thecontainer 60. Thus, a container containing milk can be configured forimmediately feeding a baby after removing the container 60 from thesystem 100. Alternatively, container 60 can be capped and stored in therefrigerator or freezer for later use.

FIG. 22 shows a bottle 72 that the container 60 with the nipple 70attached thereto can be inserted into and contained to provide a morestructural implement that is more easily used for feeding a baby. Bottle72 includes a hollow shell 72 configured and dimensioned to receive thecontainer 70 while allowing the nipple 70 to extend out of the open endthereof. A bottle cap 74 has an opening that allows the nipple 70 toextend therethrough and is configured and dimensioned to enclose theopen end of the shell 74 when the bottle is assembled. Bottle cap 74 canbe fixed to shell 74 by mating threads, bayonet fitting, snap fitting orother similar arrangement. The assembled bottle 72 as shown is ready touse for feeding a baby, or alternatively can be stored in therefrigerator or freezer for later use.

FIG. 23 is an exploded view of an alternative arrangement for installingcontainer 60 in a bottle 72 and providing it with a feeding nipple 70.In this embodiment an insert adapter 120 is provided to adapt thecontainer 60 to be used with a commercially available nipple 70 andbottle 72 that are currently sold and readily available. The insertadapter is provided with a valve defeat extension 122 which contains acentral lumen 124 that is in fluid communication with the annulus 126 ofthe adapter 120. The valve defeat extension 122 is configured anddimension to be inserted through the one-way valve 50 to hold it openand allow milk to be sucked out through the valve defeat extension andnipple 70. In another embodiment, the one-way valve is removable and isremoved prior to installation of the adapter 120. The top surface 128 ofthe adapter 120 is flat and configured to form a fluid-tight, airtightseal with the flat bottom surface of the nipple 70. The container 60 isdropped or placed into the bottle 72 after inserting the valve defeatextension 122 through the one-way valve 50. The threads 70T of thebottle are engaged by mating threads 120 t at the bottom portion of theadapter and tightened to form an airtight, fluid-tight sealtherebetween. A second set of threads 120W are provided on the topportion of the adapter 120 and mate with the threads 128T of the nut128, which are tightened to physically hold the flange of the nipple 70.The under surface of the shoulder 128H compresses the flange 70F betweenit and the top surface of the adapter 120 to form the seal as thethreads are tightened. The threads and size of the adapter 120 and nut128) can be manufactured in various sizes and specifications for use inadapting to a variety of bottle and nipple manufacturing standards.

FIG. 24 is an illustration of the system 100 installed on the breast 2around the nipple 3 and supported by a bra 130 in which the system 100is received. The flexible container 60 conforms to the curvature of thebra 130 so that the wearing of the system 100 is very discreet. Alsobecause of the flexibility of the container 60 and the positive pumpingaction of the system 100, the container 60 can be in a collapsedcondition prior to filling it, so that it takes up virtually no spacewithin the bra 130. Thus, only the contour of the main body 34 of thesystem 100 adds any bulk to the appearance of the breast. As thecontainer 60 beings to fill with milk, the breast 2 reduces in size byan equivalent volume of the milk expressed and therefore the outwardappearance of the components supported by the bra does not significantlychange.

The milk collection container 60 does not necessarily need to behemispherically shaped as described above, but could alternatively beformed to have a different shape. Further, an array of differently sizeand/or shaped containers may be provided to accommodate differentstorage needs (containers have relatively more capacity for breast thatproduce and express relatively more milk), placement (different size orshape for placement between the breasts), etc. FIG. 25 illustrates amilk collection container 60 a according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. Collection container 60 a can be made from any of the samematerials described above for making collection container 60. In thisembodiment, milk collection container 60 a is shaped like a conventionalblood collection bag such as the type used by the red cross for blooddonations, but is equipped with a one-way valve 50 and extension 62 inthe same manner as container 60. Because of the positive pumpingpressure capability of the system 100′ (same as 100, but used withcontainer 60′), the container can be placed between the breasts as shownin FIG. 26 and connected to tube 32 either at the top or the bottom (orany other location) of the container 60 a. Also shown in FIG. 26 arealternative locations where the container 60 a could be carried by theuser. These include, but are not limited to: adhered to the torso justbelow the breasts, or carried in a holster that is attached by a beltaround the waist of the user, or clipped to a belt around the waist ofthe user. Alternatively, container 60 a could be carried in a pocket ofa blouse, sweater or jacket worn by the user. Further alternatively,container 60 a can be supported by a table or other external structureif the user is to remain stationary during an extraction process.Optionally, container 60 a may have an extension tube 32′, which mayhave the same properties as tube 32 and include an extension 62 withconnection mechanism for connecting to the tube 32 of the system 100′.The extension tube 32′ can be particularly useful for placement of thecontainer 60 a away from the location of the breasts.

FIG. 27A illustrates system 100″ which is the same as system 100 exceptfor the use of doughnut-shaped collection container 60 b. Collectioncontainer 60 b can be made from any of the same materials describedabove for making collection container 60. Collection container 60 b fitson top of the breast 2 and surrounds the main body 34 of system 100″. Inthis way, the profile of the system 100′ extends away from the body ofthe wearer less than system 100, as container 60 b does not overlie mainbody 34, as is readily apparent from the side view of FIG. 27B.Alternatively, instead of forming a complete ring, the doughnut-shapedcontainer 60 b could extend only over a predefined arc, such as in therange of from about 180 degrees to 355 degrees. In this embodiment, thevolume gain in the container 60 b arising from collection of milk willequal the loss in volume of the breast having that volume of milkextracted, resulting in no change in the volume contained within the bra130 of the user, so that there is no noticeable difference in theappearance of the user before and after collection of milk in thecontainer 60.

Any of the collection containers described herein may optionally includeone or more baffles or other constrictions to facilitate a more evenfluid distribution to avoid unsightly bulges on the wearer that mightotherwise occur in a collection container not having such restrictions,where the milk all accumulates at the lowest portion of the containerdue to gravity. FIG. 28A illustrates a doughnut-shaped container 60 bhaving baffles 76 intermediate of the inner and outer surfaces of thedoughnut shape. Note that container 60 b is connected to tubing 34 viaextension 62 at the lower portion of the container 60 b in thisinstance. This is unrelated to the inclusion of baffles 76, but is shownas one of the alternative locations that a container can be attached tothe tube 34. Baffles 76 are locations in the container 60 b, where theopposing layers of the container are fused or glued together to restrictthe container 60 b from expanding as much as it otherwise would. Variousshapes like pie wedges, waffles, etc. can be formed by the baffles 76.Further, shapes that take into the contour/three-dimensional geometry ofthe main body 34 that the container 60 will conform to can be provided.Optionally, an additional layer of polymer 61 can be provided on top ofthe baffles 76 to help smooth out the external surface of the container60 to improve the aesthetics of the container when worn, by smoothingout the exterior surface. FIG. 28B is a side view of FIG. 28A, showing across-sectional view of the container 60 b. FIG. 28C illustrates a viewwith a container 60 b that does not have baffles, containing the samevolume of milk as the container 60 b with baffles 76 in FIG. 28B. Oncomparison, it can be readily observed that most if not all of the milkhas accumulated in the lower portion of the container 60 b in FIG. 28C,resulting in a bulging appearance under the clothing of the wearer. Incontrast, the milk is more evenly distributed in FIG. 28B and does notpresent an asymmetrical, unsightly bulge.

FIG. 28D is an illustration of a container 60 showing baffles 76arranged in a waffle pattern to control the even distribution of thevolume of milk as it is received. FIG. 28E is a side view of a main body34 to illustrate the dimensions of the main body 34, according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, the overalldistance 280 from top to bottom of the main body 34 measures about 9 cm.The distance 282 from where the main body 34 begins to taper inwardly tofollow the contours of the breast 2 to the end of the taper at thebottom portion of the main body 34 measures about 7 cm. The dimension ofthe portion that is configured to receive the nipple 3 measures about 2cm in diameter. The overall length 284 of the main body 34 measuresabout 4.5 cm. The distance 286 between the proximal most surface of themain body 34 and the proximal bend end of the nipple receiving cavity isabout 1 cm. The length 284 of the nipple receiving cavity is about 3 cmand the main body 34 extends distally from the distal end of the nipplereceiving cavity by a distance 290 of about 0.5 cm. It is noted that theforegoing dimensions are exemplary only and that any and all of thesedimensions may be varied for other embodiments. FIG. 28F is anillustration of the container 60 of FIG. 28D mounted on the main body 34of FIG. 28E. Also shown in phantom lines is a nipple 3 received in thenipple receiving cavity of the main body 34.

As noted, in order to control shape of the container and/or volumedistribution of milk, container 60 may have various baffles/waffles 76.The size and/or shape of the waffles 76 will help the container 60conform to a curved surface. Baffles/waffles 76 can also control heightor protrusion of the container locally. For example, it may bebeneficial to the allow the container 60 to swell more on the top of themain body 34, in which case, less dense waffle baffling 76 will beprovided at the upper portion of the container 60 as compared to thatprovided at the lower portion of the container 60. The bottom of thecontainer, provided with more dense waffling 76, will minimize the swellheight in the bottom portion of the container, resulting in moreaesthetic, discrete changes in breast shape contour while pumping.

The container 60 can be larger than the pump housing (main body) 34,allowing a portion of the container to contact the skin of the breast 2.Also, the container 60 can be contained within the housing 34, about oradjacent pumping structure, or the container can be positioned betweenthe pumping structure or housing and the user's breast. Furtheralternatively, container 60 can dual shape, cavities or compartments.Part of the container 60 may lie on top of the main body and allowcollection of only a predetermined volume of milk, such as 4 oz. or someother predetermined volume. The remaining portion of the container 60may hang below the breast 2 or to the side. This allows distribution ofthe milk volume to aid in discretion/aesthetics—as well as weightdistribution. By keeping the extra milk volume next to the skin—there isless moment arm/weight of milk further out from the woman's chest. Thiscan facilitate stability of the attachment of the system 100 to thebreast 2 and comfort.

Alternatively, the breast pump system may allow multiple ways to collectthe milk. For example, if desired for comfort or aesthetic reasons, whena user expects to express greater than 5 oz milk per breast, the system100 may allow replacement of the on pump container 60 with tubing thatattaches at the same point and transfers milk to a “remote” collectionvessel, such as a remote collection container worn at the waist or in apurse/bag held over the shoulder or left on a desk.

FIG. 29A illustrates a container 60 c used with system 100′″ that fitsaround the main body 34 of the system and the areola of the breast 2. Inthis instance, container 60 c is connected to tube 34 at the bottom ofthe main body and one-way valve 50 is provided on the inside surface ofthe annular container. FIG. 29B illustrates a variant of container 60 cin which the one way valve 50 is located on the outside of the annularcontainer. Baffles 76 are formed in the container 60 c to help evenlydistribute the milk, but also to facilitate folding of the container.FIG. 29C shows the one way valve and connecting portion of the container60 c having been folded upwardly along a baffle 76 line to join theone-way valve 50 to the tube 32 of system 100′″. After collecting milkin the container 6 c and detaching it from the system 100′″, thecontainer 60 c can be tri-folded along the other baffle 76 lines asshown in FIG. 29D, for more compact storage, such as in the refrigeratoror freezer.

FIG. 30 shows another embodiment of a milk collection container 60 dthat is ring-shaped to encircle the breast 2 and which includes one-wayvalve 50. Additionally container 60 d is provided with a tab or flap 78that extends from the milk containing portion of the container 60 d andthat is not configured to contain any milk. Because the flap/tab 78 isseparated from the milk volume containing portion, it can be written onor otherwise annotated without the potential of puncturing themilk-containing portion or otherwise contaminating the contained milk.This tab/flap 78 feature can be provided on any of the embodiments ofmilk collection container described herein.

Various modifications and embodiments of the breast adapter 10 can beemployed in system 100 to enhance milk drawdown and extraction, improvecomfort of fit, and provide other advantages. FIG. 31A shows a breastadapter that includes a rigid portion 80 where the nipple is inserted,and a flexible, resilient portion 82. Massage drivers 84 such as rollersthat are driven by motor 86 to advance and retract the rollers 84against the breast to massage it, or other mechanical equivalent, suchas pumps, motor-driven lever arms or the like can provide mechanicalmassaging of the breast to simulate actions of a suckling baby andpotentially improve milk extraction. Massage drivers 84 can be providedin more than one plane to deform the breast along more than onedirection. FIG. 31B illustrates four different locations 86 a, 86 b, 86c, 86 d where the breast 2 can be alternatively compressed and allowedto expand by using four massage drivers. These massage drivers can beactuated in many different patterns so as to effect different massageactions. More or fewer than two or four massage drivers 84 can beimplemented to design various different patterns of massage.

FIG. 32A illustrates an embodiment in which the breast adapter 10B isprovided with vibration drivers 90. Vibration drivers 90 may be in theform of piezoelectric transducers that can be electrically driven bybattery 48 at a desired frequency to apply vibration to the breast 2,which may help to stimulate milk letdown and/or extraction. Frequenciesof vibration applied may be in the range of 100 Hz to 30 kHZ, typicallyabout 250 Hz.

Vibration drivers 90 may be employed on any of the breast adapterembodiments described herein. Alternatively, massage drivers 84 may bemodified so at to apply vibrational frequency to the breast 2. Furtheralternatively, vibration drivers may be provided on a different elementof the system 100 or on an additional element separate of the system100, as opposed to providing them on the breast adapter 10. Although sixvibration drivers 90 are shown in FIG. 32, more or fewer couldalternatively be used (as few as one). Application of vibration to thebreast 2 by vibration drivers 90 may be applied to stimulate milk down,by application of vibration for ninety second or less, for example.Additionally, the vibration applied to the breast may enhance milk flowvolume and/or rate during extraction, by stimulating hormonal releaseand/or by the physical agitation of the breast. Vibration may also helpprevent ducts in the breast from becoming clogged. Vibration can helpwith flow and may help prevent clogged ducts. It may also be helpful inunclogging ducts and/or increasing milk flow over that which would havebeen achieved without application of vibration. Vibration can also beapplied to break up/facilitate flow. Various frequencies may beactivated for different modes applied to achieve different ones (orcombinations of) these effects. Relatively slower vibrationalfrequencies may be more attuned to bulk mechanical movement, whilehigher frequencies may actually hit resonant frequencies with smallerstructures like the milk ducts. Different structures within the breastcan be targeted based on frequency and amplitude of the vibrationalforces applied.

FIG. 32B is a rear view (open end) of breast adapter 10 showingvibration drivers 90 such as motors or piezoelectric devices mounted onthe breast adapter 10. One or more of the vibration drivers 90 can beactivated at any one time, so that a pattern of activation can be run sothat drivers 90 apply vibration or massaging at different times in asequence to carry out a squeezing or massaging motion. Additionally,power and/or frequency applied to each driver 90 can be changed asdesired. FIG. 32C illustrates a handheld vibration driver 900 that isoperable independently of system 100. In the embodiment shown, handhelddriver 900 is a pen or other elongated implement that is configured withone or more motors or piezoelectric vibrators. Optionally, differentattachments can be provided to vary the contact surface and/or shape ofthe distal end 902 of the implement 900 used to contact a targetlocation 5 of the breast 2 to be vibrated or massaged. Like theembodiment of FIG. 32B, the frequency and/or power applied by implement900 can be changed as desired by the user.

FIG. 33 illustrates an embodiment in which the breast adapter 10C isprovided with heating elements 92. Heating elements 92 may be in theform of electrically resistive coils, or elements, piezoelectrictransducers, or other alternative elements that can be electricallydriven by battery 48 to generate heat. The heat generated is applied tothe breast 2, which may help to stimulate milk letdown and/orextraction. Heating elements 92 may be employed on any of the breastadapter embodiments described herein. Heating elements 92 may be used incombination with vibration drivers 90. Although four heating elements 92are shown in FIG. 33, more or fewer could alternatively be used (as fewas one). Heating has been demonstrated in clinical studies to increaseflow and speed of expression. Therefore heating elements 92 may applyheat to the breast to benefit flow increase, less clogging, lessmastitis rates, etc.

The application of suction/vacuum to the breast 2 by breast adapter 10may be varied. FIG. 34 schematically illustrates a breast adapter 10Dhaving a suction zone 94 which is flexible and forms a seal with thebreast 2 when suction is applied, while a rigid portion 96 receives thenipple and areola of the breast. FIGS. 35A and 35B are back end,schematic illustrations of breast adapter 10D to show that the suctionzone 94 can be applied in a continuous ring 96 a or intermittently 96 b.Suction to breast 2 provides more positive/additional security forattachment and sealing against the breast 2. The embodiments of FIGS. 34and 35A show rings of suction which can also function to form a sealagainst the breast 2. The embodiment of FIG. 35B targets suction forcesagainst the breast 2 to ensure attachment to breast 2 so the system 100doesn't break away and fall off, as it relies on the pumping mechanismsuction cycle to maintain the seal. By intermittently applying thesuction (as opposed to a continuous ring of suction), the smallercombined area where the suction is applied requires less suction/powerto be generated by the suction source to maintain the attachment.

FIG. 36 schematically illustrates an arrangement in which a first,relatively lower suction/vacuum level is constantly applied by breastadapter 10D though suction zone 96 a to maintain a seal with the breast.A second, larger suction/vacuum level is intermittently applied to thespace 98 surrounding the nipple 3 for extraction of milk.

FIGS. 37A-37B illustrate features that may be provided in a milkcollection container 60 to reduce the risk of the container not openingto receive milk due to the sides of the container sticking together,static, or some other obstructive force. In FIG. 37A, a flexible spring370 is provided in container 60 a, which keeps an open channel withinthe container and does not obstruct the flow, due to the loosely woundcoils of the spring, and which allows the container 60 a to remainflexible, as the spring 370 is flexible. In FIG. 37B, a flexible poroustube 372 provides similar functions to spring 37. Although elements 370and 372 are shown in use in container 60 a, it is noted that they can beequally as well used in any of the other embodiments of milk collectioncontainer described herein.

FIG. 38 illustrates another embodiment of breast adapter 10E in whichthe upper half (or other upper portion) 380 of the adapter 10E hasdifferent mechanical properties and/or composition than the lower half(or other lower portion) 382 of the breast adapter 10E. In theembodiment shown, portion 382 is flexible and portion 382 is rigid, orhas less flexibility that portion 380. When used in combination withmassage drivers 84, the breast 2 will be massaged at the bottom portionthereof, but not as much, or not at all along the top portion.

FIG. 39A illustrates a system employing a flexible breast adapter 10Fconnected to tube 32, which is supplied by suction/vacuum by pump 390.The application of squeezing action by adapter 10F to squeeze the breast2 (whether by massage drivers 84 or other compression means) causes tube32 to temporarily collapse (see FIG. 39B) which causes a pressure changeat the nipple 3. Upon release of the compression forces against thebreast 2, the tube 32 reopens (see FIG. 39C) and milk is extracted intothe tube 32.

FIG. 40 illustrates a breast pump system 300 in which the pumping region30 and container 60 are suspended on a lanyard 420 worn by the user. Thelength of the lanyard 420 is adjustable, so that the user can positionthe pumping region 30 and container 60 lower or higher than shown, to alocation that is comfortable to the user. Tubes 32 interconnect thepumping mechanism 30 with breast adapters 10, which may be provided onboth breasts 2 as shown, or, alternatively, only on one breast 2.

FIG. 41 illustrates an embodiment in which, in addition to thesuction/vacuum created by withdrawing compression element 36 away fromtubing 32T the compression element 36 is also mechanically linked to aportion of breast adapter 10 surrounding the nipple 3. Thus, as element36 moves away from tube 32, it also pulls on that portion of breastadapter 10, causing it to open wider and create a greater suction/vacuumaround the nipple 3. As the compression element 36 compresses the tubing32, as shown in FIG. 41, it also mechanically moves the wall of thebreast adapter 10 to reduce its cross-sectional dimension.

Referring back to FIG. 2, the pressure sensor signals received bycontroller 52 from pressure sensor 54 can be used to plotpressure/suction (vacuum) waveforms applied by the system 100 duringoperation. Additionally, pressure sensor 54 signals can be used todetermine when milk flow initiates, as well as the rate and/or volume ofmilk flow based on pressure changes resulting from milk being present inthe adapter 10 and/or tube 32. Since milk is incompressible, andneglecting any losses associated with air leaks, and also assuming amajority of air has been purged from the system 100, the wall of thetube 32 as it rebounds to regain the unbiased configuration (in theabsence of any milk inflow) creates a peak suction P(p) when releasedfrom the compressor element 36/38. In this state the tube 32 is deformedto have less volume within it, referred to as volume V(p). P(p) and V(p)will be maintained as a constant if there is no milk inflow. As milkinflows, the tube 32 begins to return to its natural shape. At eachincremental amount of volume of milk introduced into the system 100, thesuction force of the tube 32 reduces. The reduced suction level isreferred to here as P(n) and the volume associated with each incrementis V(n), where n equals a positive integer that starts at 1 andincreases by 1 with each increment of milk received. Eventually thepressure reaches a final suction pressure P(f) that corresponds to afinal full volume of V(f). Thus, via either a look-up table or by directequation, each pressure detected can be converted to a volume. As aresult, the amount of milk passed in one cycle of the system is equal toV(f) minus V(p) which is detectable by determining P(f) and P(p). Whenused in detecting letdown and initial expression of milk from thebreast, upon detecting the initial expression, controller 52 can controlcompression elements 36, 38 to change from a mode used to initiateletdown and initial extraction (which may be performed by rapid cyclingof compression element 36 alone, or a combination of rapid cycling ofelements 36 and 38) to an extraction mode, such as by operating elements36, 38 to maintain a maximum predetermined suction/vacuum (e.g., −180 mmHG, −200 mm Hg or −220 mm Hg). Upon sensing a predetermined amount ofvolume of milk having entered the system, the controller 54 can againchange the mode of operation of elements 36, 38 to perform the expulsionphase, where element 36 seals off the breast adapter at a predeterminedsuction/vacuum level (e.g., −50 mm Hg or −60 mm Hg) and element 38 isoperated to expulse the milk from region 42 under positive pressure.After the expulsion phase (when element 38 has completed its stroke),controller 54 again changes the mode of operation of elements 36, 38 toreturn to the extraction phase.

Cycle frequencies, amplitudes of pressure (suction/vacuum) can becontrolled by controller 54 based on feedback from pressure sensor 52.These variables can be altered by the controller to optimize milkextraction, based on the estimations of milk flow and/or milk volumecalculated from the pressure readings. Further, controller 52 can beprogrammed to end processing when milk flow senses had diminished to apredetermined flow rate, including, but not limited to a flow rate ofzero, or alternatively, can be programmed to end processing at apredetermined time after a flow rate of zero has been reached. Bycontinuing to apply suction/vacuum in an extraction phase for apredetermined time (e.g., thirty seconds, one minute, two minutes, orsome other predetermined time) after flow rate has reached zero, thishas the potential of stimulating the breast to increase milk productionfor subsequent feedings/milk extraction processes. Any of theseautomatic control schemes by the controller 52 can be overridden by theuser, to choose different programming or operate the system 100 inmanual mode via the use of controls 252.

Because the compression actuation elements 36, 38 are placed so close tothe nipple 3, there is very little attenuation of the suction/vacuumwaveforms generated thereby, relative to currently existing systemswhich typically place the suction/vacuum pump much further from thenipple. This provides an advantage in that pressure (suction/vacuum)waveforms, such as relatively high frequency changes in suction/vacuumcan be applied, which would not be possible with prior art systems, asthe attenuation would render them ineffective. For example, controller52 can be programmed to mimic a feeding baby in one instance byemulating the baby performing three quick sips or suckles on the breast,followed by a longer duration suck, and then repeating this cycle. Thiswould involve operating the compression elements 36, 38 to apply themaximum suction/vacuum (e.g., −200 mm Hg) to the breast 2/nipple 3 for avery short duration (e.g., half a second or less), followed by reducingthe suction/vacuum to the minimum continuously applied suction/vacuum(e.g., −60 mm Hg), repeating this cycle two more times, then applyingthe maximum suction/vacuum for a more extended period (e.g., fiveseconds, tens seconds, fifteen seconds or more). After the extendedperiod expires, the entire cycle could be repeated. This is only oneexample, as the controller 52 can be programmed to carry out any othervariations of suction/vacuum cycling desired. For example, a mothercould program the controller 52 to mimic the patterns of her baby whenfeeding, including programming the patterns of timing for pausingbetween sucks, how hard they suck (amount of suction/vacuum) and thefrequency of sucking.

Pressure sensor 54 is preferably located in the breast adapter 10,preferably at a location near where the nipple 3 is received.Alternatively, the pressure sensor could be placed anywhere injuxtaposition with the suction/vacuum space. Further alternatively, inaddition to the placement of the pressure sensor 54 in the breastadapter as illustrated in FIG. 2, one or more additional pressuresensors could be further included downstream of this location,including, but not limited to: distal of region 40, in between regions40 and 42, proximal of region 42, but adjacent thereto, and/or distallyadjacent one-way valve 50. In one embodiment, pressure sensor 54 is madeas a “window” of the same material that surrounds it, so that it issensitive to pressure changes and flexes inwardly or outwardly inresponse to pressure changes within the space that it is located.

FIG. 43 is an exploded illustration of system 100 according to anotherembodiment of the present disclosure, in which pressure sensor 54 isplaced at the proximal end of the breast adapter 10 where the breastadapter 10 and tubing 32 are integrated and form the acute angle turn sothat tubing 32 extends back distally along the contour of the breastadapter 10. An opening 432, which may optionally be closed off by avisibly transparent window 434, is provided in housing 34 andconfigured, dimensioned and positioned to be aligned with pressuresensor 54 upon insertion of the breast adapter 10/tubing 32 unit intothe housing 34 in a manner as described previously. Opening 432 (andoptionally window 434) allow optical sensing of the deviations inposition of sensor 54 as the sensor 54 flexes in or out as a result ofpressure change in the space within the breast adapter 10/tubing 32.

FIGS. 44A-44B illustrate operation of the pressure sensor 54 to detectpressure within the system. FIG. 44A shows pressure sensor 54 in anundeflected state at a known pressure. The pressure may be, for example,atmospheric pressure, or the minimum suction/vacuum level to besustained (e.g., −60 mm Hg or −50 mm Hg or some other predeterminedminimum suction/vacuum level), or some other known pressure. Assuction/vacuum increases within the breast adapter 10, pressure sensor54 flexes inwardly, as illustrated in FIG. 44B. The position/amount ofdeflection of the pressure sensor window 54 can be optically monitoredby an optical monitor 440, which may include, but is not limited to: alight source, one or more fiber optic fibers, or the like.Alternatively, a metal/magnetic proximity sensor can be used, such asdescribed with regard to FIGS. 45A-45C. The amount of window deflectionof the sensor 54 correlates to the pressure (suction/vacuum) within thebreast adapter 10. The controller 52 receives optical signals (orelectric signals converted from the optical signals of optical monitor400), calculates the amount of deflection of sensor 54 indicated by thesignals, and calculates a pressure reading from the amount of deflectioncalculated.

An alternative type of pressure sensor 54′ that could be used is aNon-Contact DVRT®, available from Lord Microstrain Sensing Systems(Cary, N.C.). This type of pressure sensor uses two coils 450, 452, onefor sensing and the other for temperature compensation, see FIG. 45A. Ametallic and/or magnetic target 454 is embedded in the material of thebreast adapter 10, (or portion of tube 32, see FIGS. 45B-45C) in aregion 10′, 32′ that is relatively more flexible than the portions ofthe breast adapter 10/tube 32 that surround the region 10′, 32′,respectively. The region 10′, 32′ may be in any of the locationsdescribed above with regard to sensor 54. The flexible region 10′, 32′can formed as a part of the breast adapter 10/tube 32, such as bymolding it to be thinner and more flexible than the surrounding areas.Alternatively, the flexible region 10′, 32′ can be grafted onto thebreast adapter 10/tube 32, such as by forming a cutout region and thenbonding (vulcanizing, or the like) a more flexible component over thecutout region. As the pressure in the breast adapter 10/tube 32 varies,the distance between the magnetic target 454 and the coils 450,452varies, as illustrated in FIG. 45C due to the deflection of the flexibleregion 10′, 32′. The coils 450, 452 sense displacement of the target454. as the change in distance changes the field of inductance andresults in a measurable change of either current or voltage. The changein voltage or current, is received as a signal from the sensor 54′ bycontroller 52. The signal can be calibrated and correlated to changes inpressure within the breast adapter 10/tube 32. Signals representative ofthe pressure change are sent by sensor 54′ to controller 52 viaelectrical line 456 (or, alternatively, wirelessly), where controller 52can calculate displacement and pressure based on the signals received.Other alternative pressure sensors that could be employed include, butare not limited to: strain gauges, piezoelectric devices, or otherpressure sensors currently available that can measure the pressurelevels induced by the present system.

FIG. 46 is a schematic representation of a pump region 30′ that may beused in any of the breast pump systems described herein, according toanother embodiment of the present disclosure. Pump region 30′ uses onlyone servo motor (or a DC motor with gearing) 44 to actuate bothcompression elements 36, 38. Motor 44 is mechanically connected to adrive arm 462 that rotates to drive compression elements 36, 38alternatively. In the initial actuation of motor 44 the drive arm 462 isswept via rotation about 464 (counter-clockwise in FIG. 46) to releasecompression element 36 to enable tube 32 to rebound, upon completeretraction, a toggle 462 is actuated, so that the next operation ofmotor 44 rotates the drive arm 46 in the opposite direction (clockwisein FIG. 46) to drive the compression element 36 to compress region 40 oftube 32. The toggle 460 is again actuated at the end of this operationand the next operation of motor 44 actuates the drive arm 460 to retractcompression element 38 to create the high level suction/vacuum (e.g.,−200 mm Hg) in the tube 32). The motor 44 controls the drive arm 460 tohalt or reverse direction when the targeted high level suction/vacuum isreached. Additionally, the entrance and exit of the drive arm into andfrom the zone 466 actuates toggle 460 to cause the next motion of drivearm 464 to be in the opposite direction.

The breast pump systems according to the present disclosure mayoptionally be designed with the capability of communicating to anexternal computer which may be, but is not limited to: a smartphone, atablet computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer or a server.FIG. 47 is a schematic representation (not to scale) of transfer of datawirelessly from controller 52 to smartphone 470. Controller 52 mayinclude a wireless transmitter 472 that can be actuated by the user viacontrols 252 to send data to the external device 470 at will, as long asthe external device 470 is in range of the transmitter 472.Alternatively, or additionally, a hard wire connection may be providedto send the data over the hard wire to the external device 470. Furtheralternatively, controller 52 can be provided with a BLUETOOTH®transmitter, so that data is automatically transmitted to the externaldevice 470 whenever the external device 470 in in range of theBLUETOOTH® transmitter. Still further, controller 52 can be configuredto automatically upload data to a server in the cloud and/or upload datato the cloud when instructed to do so by the user using controls 252.The uploaded data can then be used or shared in group studies of thedata. Further, the external device 470 may be capable of downloadingother customized programs for use with the breast pump system, whichcould be updated by crowd sourcing results from other mothers, etc. Theuploaded data could also be useful for insurance companies or otherentities having permission under the Affordable Care Act (and/or theuser's permission) to use the data.

The external device 470 can be provided with software to customize pumpfunctions based on data received from the controller 52, to calculatevolume of milk extracted, to track expression efficiency and monitor itover time (within a single extraction session, as well as over multipleextraction sessions), keep track of inventory of previous expressionsessions, dates of the sessions, and the specific containers 60 used ineach individual session. This tracking can be useful for reminders touse the containers of milk 60 with a specified time, and can organizeorder in which the containers are to be used (e.g., first-in, first-out,or other scheme). Pump functions can be customized by varying suctionlevels, altering suction waveforms (amplitude and duration ofapplication of suction), phases of extraction or feeding times, restprogramming, heating temperatures and times, vibration frequency andduration, etc. Also the battery level can be monitored and a warningprovided when the battery reaches a predetermined low level of charge.The external device may also use the display 478 to display one or morephotos of the mother's baby during an extraction session to increase theemotional and physical reinforcement to simulate what is provided whenthe baby is actually feeding.

The extraction and expulsion phases of the cycle can be repeatedcontinuously from the beginning to ending of a extraction session.Alternatively, controller 52 can be programmed to intermittently gothrough a rest phase during which all suction/vacuum is removed and thebreast is exposed to atmospheric pressure. In the rest phase, the breastadapter 10 can be maintained sealed against the breast 2 by the supportof the system 100 by bra 130 and, optionally, with an adhesive appliedto the breast adapter 10 where it contacts the breast. The rest phasecan be instituted to simulate the feeding baby “taking a break” fromfeeding, even though the feeding session has not yet ended.Additionally, such rest phases may help prevent edema, mastitis, orother problems that might occur without them. A rest phase can becommenced after a predetermined number of extraction and expulsionphases have been carried out or after a predetermined time of carryingout extraction and expulsion phases. The rest phase may be carried outfor a predetermined time (a few seconds or more) after whichsuction/vacuum is re-established and the extraction and expulsion phasesare again carried out. Further optionally, a rest phase may be commencedupon sensing via pressure sensor 54 that milk flow has fallen below apredetermined flow rate or has fallen to zero. The rest phase can alsobe initiated by user at the user's discretion, as various users may wantto pump for relatively longer or shorter periods between rest phases.

The connection between the container 60 and tube 32 may be monitored toensure that the connection remains throughout an extraction andexpulsion session so that milk is not lost or wasted. One way ofmonitoring is to make components 66 and 63 metallic (see FIG. 48) orprovide tube end 56 and connector 64 with other metallic contacts thatare joined to make electrically contact when container 60 is properlyconnected to tube 32. The metallic connection is electrically connectedto controller 52 which monitors the circuit to ensure that conductivityis maintained. If the container 60 should become dislodged or removedfrom the system such that conductivity is broken, the controller 52immediately senses the disruption in conductivity and shuts down thepumping region 30.

Likewise, motors 44, 46 may be provided with heat sensor 490 and/ormotion sensors 492 (e.g., tachometer or other motion sensor) to providefeedback to controller 52 as to the operating temperatures of the motorsand/or movement and/or rate of movement of the motors, as illustrated inFIG. 49. This feedback can be used by the controller to shut down orslow down one or more motors if it overheats or fails to move properlywhen activation signals are applied.

A breast pump system according to the present disclosure may optionallybe provided with a pressure relief mechanism to prevent generating toogreat a suction/vacuum within the system. FIG. 50 illustrates a pressurerelief member 502 placed in the breast adapter 10, and also showsalternative, or additional locations for pressure relief members 502 inphantom. Pressure relief member 502 may comprises a pressure reliefvalve that automatically opens when a predetermined pressure that thevalve is designed for is exceeded. For example, valve 502 mayautomatically open when the suction/vacuum pressure drops below −250 mmHg or some other predetermined suction/vacuum level. Optionally,pressure relief member 502 may be in electrical communication withcontroller 52, such that controller 52 could automatically activatepressure relief member based on monitoring conditions indicating thatthe suction/vacuum is too great, or for rapidly initiating a rest phase,or is some other problem with the system is sensed. Still further, auser can control the controller 52 manually via controls 252 to manuallyinitiate the pressure relief valve 52. A further alternative pressurerelief member 52 is a lever arm or plunger than can be electricallyactivated by a coil to physically break the seal between the breastadapter 10 and the breast.

FIG. 51 shows a longitudinal sectional view of a breast adapter 10′ thatmay be used in any of the breast pump systems described herein,according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. In additionto the primary flange 510 provided for receiving a portion of the breast2 therein, adapter 10′ includes a second flange 512 that loops or foldsinwardly from the primary flange 510 and contacts the breast 2 when thebreast is inserted into the system for carrying out an extractionsession. Secondary flange 512 is designed to remain in contact with thebreast 2 at all times during wearing of the system and preferably formsa seal with the breast. When the system has no suction/vacuum appliedand up to a suction/vacuum level of the maximum suction/vacuum levelapplied during expulsion (e.g., 50 mm Hg or 60 mm Hg), a gap 514 existsbetween the secondary flange 514 and the primary flange 510. This isadvantageous in that if the system should become disconnected from thebreast 2 for any reason, any milk in the breast adapter will be capturedbetween the flanges 510 and 512 in the gap 514, so that no milk spillagewill occur. During the extraction phase, when the higher suction/vacuumis applied (e.g., −180 mm Hg, −200 mm Hg or −220 mm Hg), the strongersuction/vacuum collapses the gap 514 and the resulting contact betweenthe secondary flange 512 and primary flange 510 drives out any milk thatmay have been present in the gap 514 and into the tube 32. Thecollection of milk in gap 514 will occur even if the breast moves awayfrom the flange 512 momentarily during an extraction phase, as thisresults in a loss of suction/vacuum and the gap 514 immediately reopens.

FIG. 52A shows a longitudinal sectional view of a breast adapter 10″that that may be used in any of the breast pump systems describedherein, and which is a variation of the breast adapter 10′ shown in FIG.51. In addition to the primary flange 520 provided for receiving aportion of the breast 2 therein, adapter 10″ includes a second flange522 in the form of a flexible lip that extends radially inwardly fromthe primary flange 520 and contacts the breast 2 when the breast isinserted into the system for carrying out an extraction session. FIG.52B is a rear perspective view of breast adapter 10″ and tube 32 showingthe surface of the flexible lip 522 in its unbiased configuration, whereit extends radially inwardly and, together with flange 520, forms gap514. Deflectable lip 522 is designed to remain in contact with thebreast 2 at all times during wearing of the system and preferably formsa seal with the breast. When the breast 2 is engaged with the system,the lip 522 is deflected further inwardly by the breast contact (seeFIG. 52C), thereby reducing or eliminating the gap 514 and driving milkfrom the gap 514 towards the nipple housing space 524. When the systembreaks contact with the breast, the deflectable lip resiliently returnsto the unbiased position shown in FIGS. 52A-52B and captures any excessmilk left in the nipple housing space, preventing it from spilling outof the breast adapter 10″.

FIG. 53A is a front, exploded view illustrating the breast adapter 10and tube 32, main housing 34 and milk container 60 according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. The main body/housing is smoothlycontoured on its distal surface, so as to form a visual impression ofthe breast 2 when received in bra 130. A notch 530 is provided at thetop of the main body 34 that is configured and dimensioned to receivethe one-way valve 50 of container 60 for connection to tube 32.

FIG. 53B is a rear, exploded view of the components illustrated in FIG.53A. This perspective better shows the contours of the main body 34,illustrating its “egg-shape” or “pear-shape” front profile. Also shownis the location of the nipple cavity 532 that is below the center of themain body 34. The proximal (rear) surface 34P of the main body 34 isconcavely contoured and the breast adapter 10 follows this contour so asto cup the breast 2 as it is received and provide comfort and lowprofile.

FIG. 53C is a front view illustrating the breast adapter 10 and tube 32having been installed in the main body 34. The compliant region 12 ofbreast adapter 10 overlies the edge of main housing 34 so that no seamsor edges are present when the breast adapter is in contact with the skinof the breast 2. The proximal end of tube 32 is shown located within thenotch 530, in preparation for connection of the container 60 thereto viaone-way valve 50. FIG. 53D is a rear view of the components shown inFIG. 53C. The smooth interface provided by the compliant regionoverlapping the edge of the main body 34 can be seen, and tube 32 can beseen extending up to the notch 530.

FIG. 53E illustrates a front view after attaching the container 60 tothe main body 34. The container 60 in this embodiment defines a cut-outregion 534 that is a spaced formed where the container is absent, suchthat it does not form a full ring. This cut out region 534 as shownspans about ninety degrees of the ring space, but may be as low as aboutforty-five degrees or as large as about one hundred thirty five degrees,or spans a region anywhere in between 45-135 degrees. The region 536(emphasized by dotted ellipse 538 in FIG. 53E) that is not covered bythe container 60 when container 60 is mounted on main body 34, betterallows the container 60 to conform to the shape/contours of the mainbody 34 and also provides an open area where the controls 252 and/ordisplay 250 can be provided on the main body. FIG. 53F is a rear view ofthe assembly shown in FIG. 53E. Alternatively, container 60 may beprovided as a full ring, as illustrated in FIG. 53G, or other containerconfigurations, such as those described herein may be used. In FIG. 53G,container 60 is attached to main body 34 by a short tab or tubularextension 540 that interconnects tube 32 and one-way valve 50. Theextension 540 positions container 60 so that a portion of main body 34is visible on either side of the extension, so that controls 232 and/ordisplay 230 can be positioned for viewing by the user. Extension 540also provides an even hanging/balance to the container as it fills upwith milk.

FIG. 54 illustrates an assembly of the breast adapter 10 and tube 12 inthe main body 34 according to another embodiment of the presentdisclosure. In this embodiment, flanges 12F are provided to extenddistally from the overlap of compliant region 12 on the edge of mainbody 34. The flanges 12F also taper distally to form a smoothertransition with the breast 2 when the system 100 is mounted on thebreast 2, thereby making the system 100 less visible or noticeable whenworn by a user. The tapered, thin flexible flange 12F extends distallyfrom the outer edge of the compliant region 12 that snaps around thecircumference of the main body 34 of system 100. Flexible flange 12F ispreferably, but not necessarily integrally formed with the compliantregion 12 and breast adapter 10.

FIGS. 55A-55E illustrate the interaction between compression elements36, 38 and resilient tubing 32 and a pumping sequence according toanother embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment,compression element 36 comprise a short length compression effector 36A(in this case, compression effector 36A has the same length or diameterof the shaft of the compression element 36 and may optionally be simplythe free end of the shaft), to reduce the amount of force necessary tofunction as a shut off valve by sealing the region 40. The compressionelement 38 in this embodiment moves horizontally (in the Figs, but couldbe a different direction depending upon the orientation of the system)along the length direction of the tube 32. Thus rather than movingagainst the tubing 32 radially inwardly or retracting away from thetubing 32, compression element 38 rolls or slides along the tube tochange the suction/vacuum levels in the system.

The compression surface of the compression element 38 maintains aconstant distance 550 from the anvil surface 232A of the channel 232that the tube is positioned in. This maintains the tube 32 in anunsealed configuration, such that the tube portion that is between thecompression element 38 and anvil surface 232A is maintained in acollapsed, but not sealed condition, see 552. FIG. 55A shows anorientation in which the minimum suction/vacuum (e.g., −60 mmHg or −50mm Hg, or some other predetermined minimum) is maintained against thebreast. The compression element 36 is fully retracted away from thetube, so that the tube is not compressed in region 40. In this phase,the majority of the tubing region 42 is compressed, but not sealed off.

To move the system to an active suction phase, where the maximumpredetermined suction/vacuum is generated (e.g., −200 mm Hg, −220 mm Hgor some other predetermined maximum suction/vacuum level) thecompression element 36 maintains it position and the compression element38 is slid or rolled in a direction away from the breast to enabletubing region 42 to return to its uncompressed configuration andgenerate suction/vacuum, see FIG. 55B. The compression element 38 can becontinuously controlled by controller 52 using feedback from pressuresensing the suction/vacuum space, to move toward or away from the breastin order to maintain the predetermined maximum suction/vacuum level,which can be programmed into the controller for use in the feedback loopused to maintain the maximum suction/vacuum. Movement toward the breastdecreases the suction/vacuum while, conversely, movement away from thebreast increases the suction/vacuum. FIG. 55C shows the compressionelement 38 having been returned to the position shown in FIG. 55A tore-establish the predetermined minimum suction/vacuum, in this case, −60mm Hg. The change in volume within the tubing between the distal end ofcompression element 38 and the breast 2 when moving from the position ofelement 38 in FIG. 55B to the position in FIG. 55C is the volume of milkexpressed during that cycle, assuming no air leaks to the system. Thusby knowing the inside diameter of tube 32 and the relative positions ofcompression element 38 (as tracked by controller 52), an estimate of thevolume of milk that is moved proximally of the compression element 38can be calculated by the controller 52. Further, the calculatedestimates of volume can be displayed on the system display 230,wirelessly outputted to an external computing device such as asmartphone or other computer, and/or uploaded to the Internet, such asto a web-based cloud server.

As the predetermined minimum suction/vacuum level is reached, thecompression element 36 is actuated and driven to seal off the tubing inregion 40, as shown in FIG. 55D. Note that the tubing 32 in contact withelement 38 is not sealed off, see 552. Once the tube 32 is sealed off byelement 36 so that the minimum suction/vacuum level is maintainedagainst the breast 2, compression element 38 is rolled or slid towardthe breast (and toward element 36) to transfer the volume of milklocated between the elements 36 and 38 distally of element 38 and outthrough one-way valve 50 into the collection container 60, asillustrated in FIG. 55E. The movement of element 38 toward element 36generates a positive pressure in the space between elements 36 and 38that drives the milk out through the partially opened tube 552, 32 andproximally of the element 38. After completing the expulsion phaseillustrated in FIG. 55E, the compression element 36 is retracted whilemaintaining at least the minimum suction/vacuum level against the breastby adjusting the element 38 as needed as the cycle returns to FIG. 55Ain preparation for another extraction phase.

The amount of dead space in the system, e.g., the summation of spaces 92and 96 in FIG. 12, impacts the size and characteristics of the tubing 32needed to generate sufficient suction/vacuum levels. A relatively largerdead space requires a relatively larger inside diameter of tube 32and/or active tubing length (i.e., the length of tube 32 that iscompressed and released to generate suction/vacuum, such as the region42 in FIGS. 55A-55E). Additionally, the dead space will change as thesuction/vacuum level is increased and the nipple 3 is sucked furtherinto the nipple reception cavity of the breast adapter 10, therebyreducing the volume of the dead space somewhat. Expression of milkdecreases the active suction/vacuum level applied. This decrease insuction/vacuum can be measured to estimate the volume of milk havingbeen expressed. Further, the pressure sensor used for suction/vacuumlevel measurement can be used in an active feedback loop by thecontroller 52 to adjust the compression element 38 (or, in otherembodiments, both elements 36 and 38) to maintain the desired,predetermined maximum suction/vacuum level. The maximum suction/vacuumlevel that the system is capable of generating is governed by theproperties of the tube 32, including inside diameter, wall thickness,material and durometer of the tube 32. In the embodiment of FIGS.55A-55E, the tubing 34 is configured with a capacity to generate asuction/vacuum that exceeds the predetermined maximum suction/vacuumlevel.

When there is no flow of milk in the tube 32, the pumping region 32 maylose the ability to cycle through the full range of predeterminedsuction/vacuum pressures, and will maintain a lower mean suction/vacuumpressure. For example, when flow discontinues, the system may not beable to cycle up to −60 mm Hg, but, instead alternates between −200 mmHg and −90 mm Hg. Controller 52 can be programmed to review pressurereadings from a predetermined number of previous cycles and evaluate atleast one of: the pressure peaks of the waveforms of the predeterminednumber of previous cycles; or calculate and compare the meansuction/vacuum pressure levels of the predetermined number of previouscycles. If the pressure has not reached the predetermined minimumsuction/vacuum level (e.g., −60 mm Hg) during the predetermined numberof previous cycles, this indicates that the milk expression andexpulsion session has ended, as there is no more flow in the tube 34.When such an event is reached, the controller 52 may be programmed toautomatically shut off the system 100. This routine would not be activeduring the letdown phase, e.g., during the first four minutes (or otherpredetermined time period measured from commencement) of the pumpingcycle as the user is in the letdown phase and is not expressing milk.When the system automatically shuts off the controller can indicate ondisplay 250 the pumping session has ended and/or send an alert to anexternal computer such as a smartphone or other device to indicate thatthe pumping session has ended. Additionally, the estimate volume of milkpumped during the session can be displayed on the display 250 and/orsent to an external computer.

Alternatively a flow sensor 560 may be provided in the system (see FIG.56) to enable the user to check in real time how much milk has beenpumped, as a real time real running total of milk volume can beestimated and displayed on display 250 and/or sent to be displayed on asmartphone or other external computer. The controller 52 can beprogrammed such that, when monitoring the flow sensor 560, it willautomatically shut off the system after a predetermined time period(e.g., two minutes, four minutes, or some other predetermined timeperiod) has passed during which there has been no milk flow.

In addition to sensing when milk expression stops or when collectionvessel 60 is full, the system 100 can also auto detect when full letdown occurs. The pump region 30 may start with a preprogrammed cyclethat is intended to assist in letdown. This cycle is typically faster infrequency and shallower in vacuum amplitude than that of the expressioncycle. The initial let down cycle may be modified by a user to fit theuser's personal preferences via a “learning” or “program” mode in thecontroller 52 of system 100. While the system is going through itsinitial “letdown” cycle, it can track the pressure changes in the breastarea. Once milk flows, it will affect the pressure positively. Upon sucha change—with appropriate delays, checks, confirmation, the program canautomatically switch to a deeper, fuller expression mode where the cycletypically slows down and pressure (vacuum) amplitude increases.Additionally, while in expression mode, the system can monitor pressurechanges. Knowing compression elements 36, 38 positions, speed, power,and pressure generated (immediate, history, expected) the system canmonitor and calculate milk expression flow or some corollary measurethat is relative to flow. The system can then optimize its action(frequency, pressure profile, etc.) to optimize milk expression.

The controller 52 of the system 100 can optionally be programmed to“overshoot” some meaningful amount of pressure or frequency to help“push” the demand experienced by the mother and help enhance thebreast's mechanism to increase supply.

By providing a tube 32 designed to create a maximum value that exceedsthe predetermined maximum operating suction/vacuum, this enables thesystem to have enough reserve capacity so that, after the pumping region30 has finished cycling (either because the user manually shuts it offor the cycles were stopped automatically though feedback because therewas no more milk expressed), the compression elements 36, 38 havereserve travel remaining so that they can be further operated to furthercompress the tube 32 in order to return the suction/vacuum pressure ofthe system to zero so that the user doesn't feel the feeling of removinga suction cup from the breast 2, but rather the system readily detachesor falls off, without any remaining suction resisting removal. Thisoperation to return the suction/vacuum to zero can be automaticallycarried out as part of the shutdown process of the system. The system100 can be provided with an indicator, such as an indicator light,audible indicator, or other indicator readily interpreted by the user toindicate to the user when the suction/vacuum has been removed aftershutdown. FIG. 57 illustrates an embodiment of system 100 according tothe present disclosure which has been provided with an indicator light570. When the system 100 is manually shut down by the user, theindicator light changes from a green color to a red color, for example,and after a predetermined time (e.g., two seconds or some otherpredetermined time) the red light stays on while the system operates thepumping region 30 to return the pressure level to zero. Once thepressure returns to zero, the indicator light turns off, indicating tothe user that it is okay to remove the system 100 from the breast 2.

FIG. 58A is a front, exploded view of system 100 according to anotherembodiment of the present disclosure, illustrating breast adapter 10 andtube 32, main housing 34 and milk container 60 according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. The main body/housing is smoothlycontoured on its distal surface, so as to form a visual impression ofthe breast 2 when received in bra 130. A notch 530 is provided at thetop of the main body 34 that is configured and dimensioned to receivethe one-way valve 50 of container 60 for connection to tube 32.Container 60 is provided with baffles 76 to help maintain the shape ofthe container 60 to conform to the main body 34 as it fills with milk.

FIG. 58B is a front view illustrating the breast adapter 10 and tube 32having been installed in the main body 34. The compliant region 12 ofbreast adapter 10 overlies the edge of main housing 34 so that no seamsor edges are present when the breast adapter is in contact with the skinof the breast 2. The proximal end of tube 32 is shown located within thenotch 530, in preparation for connection of the container 60 thereto viaone-way valve 50.

FIG. 58C illustrates the process of attaching the container 60 to thesystem. As the extension 62 is inserted into the distal end 66 of tube32 so that detents 64 are received in mating receptacles in the distalend 32 to connect (with optional inclusion of one or more seals such asO-rings, or the like) the container 60 and tube 32 with a liquid-tight,airtight connection, the container 60 is fitted over the main body 34,so it conforms closely to the shape of the front surface of the mainbody, so as to be well-concealed within a bra. Container 60 in thisembodiment is not continuously concentric, but forms a cutout region 536(at the bottom portion of the container in this embodiment) to allow thecontainer 60 to assume a curved concave surface to follow the convexsurface of main body 24 without wrinkling or buckling. The cutout regionmay be wedge-shaped, as shown and span about 25 to 45 degrees of thecircular shape of the container 60 when it is laid flat.

FIG. 58D illustrates the assembled system 100, with the container havingbeen connected and fitted over the main body 34 to conform to thecontour thereof. FIG. 58E shows the system 100 with the container 60having been partially filled with milk 4. The baffles 76 are illustratedas facilitating the even distribution of milk 4 in the container 60 asthe container maintains its original configuration following thecontours of the front surface of main body 34.

FIG. 59A is a front, exploded view of system 100 according to anotherembodiment of the present disclosure, illustrating breast adapter 10 andtube 32, main housing 34 and milk container 60 according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. This embodiment is essentially thesame as the embodiment of FIGS. 58A-58E, except that container 60 isprovided with graduation markings 590 configured to accurately measurethe amount of milk collected. In the embodiment shown, the graduationmarkers 590 indicate 1 oz., 2 oz., 3 oz. and 4 oz., respectively. Themarkers 590 may, of course, be varied to indicate different volumelevels, if desired.

FIG. 59B is a front view illustrating the assembled system 100, with thecontainer 60 having been connected and fitted over the main body 34 toconform to the contour thereof. The container 60 is further shown ashaving been partially filled with milk 4, with the graduation markersbeing viewable to estimate that the volume of milk 4 collected is aboutthree and a half ounces. The baffles 76 are illustrated as facilitatingthe even distribution of milk 4 in the container 60 as the containermaintains its original configuration following the contours of the frontsurface of main body 34.

FIG. 59C is a rear, exploded view of system 100 of FIGS. 59A-59B,illustrating the nipple receiving cavity 702 of breast adapter 10 thatis configured to receive the nipple 3 while leaving a vacuum-suctionspace between the nipple 3 and the breast adapter. Also visible fromthis rear view is the channel 430 in main body 34 that is configured anddimensioned to receive tube 32. The graduation markers 590 on container60 are also visible from the rear view. The exploded view of FIG. 59Cillustrates how the components of the system 100 can be assembled anddisassembled. In the embodiment shown, breast adapter 10 is formedintegrally with tube/conduit 32 as a single unit. As noted previously,adapter 10 and tube 32 could be formed separately and then joined toform an airtight, liquid-tight connection. In addition to containing thepumping mechanism 30, housing 34 includes a receptacle 230 configuredand dimension to receive the breast adapter 10 and snugly hold it in theoperable position shown in FIG. 1. Housing 34 also includes a channel232 configured and dimensioned to receive tube 32 and hold it in properposition so that it can be acted upon by compression elements 36, 38 asintended. Tube 32 can be received in channel 232 with a snap or frictionfit, for example, so that it is held in alignment with the compressionelements 36, 38, with the closest surface to the compression elements36, 38 being positioned for movement under compression and resilientreturn to an uncompressed state, while the opposite surface is heldstationary against a surface of the channel 232.

FIG. 59D is a partially exploded rear view of the system 100 of FIG.59A, showing the breast adapter 10 and tube 32 having been installed inthe main body 34. The compliant region 12 of breast adapter 10 overliesthe edge of main housing 34 so that no seams or edges are present whenthe breast adapter is in contact with the skin of the breast 2.

FIG. 59E illustrates the process of attaching the container 60 to thetube 32 and main body 34. Note that the distal end of the tube 32 is notvisible from this view. As the extension 62 is inserted into the distalend 66 of tube 32 so that detents 64 are received in mating receptaclesin the distal end 32 to connect (with optional inclusion of one or moreseals such as O-rings, or the like) the container 60 and tube 32 with aliquid-tight, airtight connection, the container 60 is fitted over themain body 34, so it conforms closely to the shape of the front surfaceof the main body, so as to be well-concealed within a bra. Container 60in this embodiment is not continuously concentric, but forms a cutoutregion 536 (at the bottom portion of the container in this embodiment)to allow the container 60 to assume a curved concave surface to followthe convex surface of main body 24 without wrinkling or buckling. Thecutout region may be wedge-shaped, as shown and span about 25 to 45degrees of the circular shape of the container 60 when it is laid flat.

FIG. 59F is a rear view of the system 100 of FIG. 59A after having beenassembled. This rear view shows another perspective of how the container60 closely conforms to the curvature of the front surface of the mainbody 34. FIG. 59G is a rear view of the system 100 of FIG. 59F afterhaving collected milk 4 in the container 60. This rear view showsanother perspective of how, even after collecting milk to near fullcapacity, the container 60 continues to closely conform to the curvatureof the front surface of the main body 34.

FIG. 60 illustrates a valve feature that may be provided on any of thesystems described herein, according to an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. As the compression element 38 moves from the position shownin solid lines to the position shown in phantom lines to reduce thevacuum from the high operating vacuum level for extraction (e.g., 200 mmHg or the like) to the low vacuum level (e.g., 60 mm Hg or the like) tobe maintained against the breast 2 during the pumping (expulsion) phase,a controlled valve may be provided in order to facilitate the flow,working together with the compression elements 36, 38. In the embodimentshown in FIG. 60, a valve mechanism 590 is provided to operate theone-way valve 50 to reduce the resistance to flow of the breast milk. Inthis embodiment, when the compression element 38 nears the end of itscompression stroke (as shown in phantom in FIG. 60), it contacts pivotarm 592, forcing the contacted portion down and pivoting the opposite,non-contacted portion about pivot joint 592 to drive pushrod 594upwardly. Pushrod 594 in turn pushes against lever arm 596 which rotatesabout pivot joint 599 forcing the free end of lever arm 596 againstone-way valve to temporarily open it. The valve 50 closes when thecompression element 38 retracts. The compression element 38 retracts inresponse to the pumping mechanism operating in its desired range of 60mm Hg to 220 mm.

FIG. 61 is a longitudinal sectional view of breast adapter 10 and aportion of tube 32 illustrating a pressure relief valve according to anembodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment one or morechannels 920 may are provided in the wall of the breast adapter 10 toprovide fluid communication between an external vent 922 and a valve924, that together, form the pressure relief valve. Valve 924 as shownis in the form of a flap that can deflect. Flap 924 has a predeterminedspring constant that keeps it in the closed configuration shown until apredetermined maximum suction value has been reached, such as −200 mmHg, −220 mm Hg, or some other predetermined maximum suction level. Oncethe maximum suction level is exceeded, flap 924 opens to release vacuumfrom within the breast adapter 10 as outside air is ported through thevent 922 and channel(s) 922. Flap 924 closes automatically once thesuction level drops back down to less than the predetermined maximumsuction level.

Optionally, the nipple receiving portion of the main body 34 may beconfigured for visualization therethrough so that a user, or a secondperson can confirm proper placement and alignment of the nipple 3′centrally within the breast adapter 10. The breast adapter portionreceiving the nipple is also made visually clear, like that of the mainbody, to facilitate this visualization. Milk flow may also be visiblethrough this clear window 930, see FIG. 62. Additionally, milk flow canbe observed through the tube 32 and or container 60, which are also seethrough.

In some embodiments, breast adapter 10 has features to prevent thebreast from becoming sweaty or too hot, for example, a large portion ofthe non-sealing portion of the breast adapter can be a breathablefabric, have vent holes, or be made of a cooling gel. The main body 34in some embodiments has features that also prevent the breast frombecoming sweaty or too hot, for example, vent holes in the main bodyrelease heat from the main body, a cooling fan provides a flow of air tocool the main body or the breast, or has a cavity in which a replaceablecooling pack is placed.

FIG. 63 is a schematic representation of a portion of a system 100 thatincludes a main body 34 that can be peeled back or partially separatedfrom the breast adapter 10 to allow the user or another person to seethrough the breast adapter 10, while maintaining the seal of the breastadapter 10 against the breast 2. The rear edge portion 34E of the mainbody may be made flexible to allow the peel back action.

The breast pump systems 100 of the present disclosure may be paired andused in parallel (or serially) when mounted to both breasts 2 of a user.As can be appreciated from the figures, the system can define a naturalbreast profile. The natural breast profile is contemplated to fitcomfortably and conveniently into a bra of a user and to present anatural look. As such, the profile is characterized by having anon-circular base unlike that embodied in a generally dome-shapedconfiguration. Extending from the base are curved surfaces havingasymmetric patterns. Moreover, like natural breasts, the profile of thedevice or system is contemplated to define one or more asymmetric curvesand off-center inertial centers. Various natural breast shapes can beprovided to choose from to the tastes and needs of a user. FIG. 64 is aperspective view showing a pair of breast pump systems 100, according toan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 65 shows a user wearing two breast pump systems 100 on breasts 2,the systems being supported by a bra 130. FIG. 66 shows the ability ofthe systems 100 to be used by the user while reclined or lying in asupine position. FIG. 67 shows the user wearing a blouse over the breastpump systems 100 and bra 130, demonstrating the degree to which thepresent system can be concealed, as the systems are barely noticeable,giving an elegant, natural look. FIG. 68 is the view of FIG. 67 with aportion of the blouse shown in phantom to show the systems 100 and bra130.

While the present disclosure has been described with reference to thespecific embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilledin the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may besubstituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of thedisclosure. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt aparticular situation, material, composition of matter, process, processstep or steps, to the objective, spirit and scope of the presentdisclosure. All such modifications are intended to be within the scopeof the present disclosure as described herein.

That which is claimed is:
 1. An automated system for controlling pumpingcycles to pump milk from a human breast, the system comprising: a breastpump assembly shaped to fit within a bra, the breast pump assemblyincluding: a housing sized to fit within the bra; a breast adapterconfigured to contact and form a seal with the breast, the breastadapter being attached to the housing and including a nipple receivingcavity; a pumping mechanism contained within the housing, the pumpingmechanism including a pumping region above the nipple receiving cavityand configured to facilitate creating a suction on the human breast; amilk collection container attached to the housing; and a controllercontained within the housing.
 2. The automated system of claim 1,wherein the breast adapter is visually clear.
 3. The automated system ofclaim 1, wherein the controller automatically changes application ofsuction from a letdown phase to an expression mode upon sensing letdown.4. The automated system of claim 1, wherein an operational setting ofthe automated system is based on time.
 5. The automated system of claim1, further comprising a first driver and a second driver, wherein thefirst and second drivers are configured in a series arrangement andconfigured to cooperate to facilitate generating vacuum pressure withinthe pumping region.
 6. The automated system of claim 5, wherein thefirst drive and the second driver are compression drivers.
 7. Theautomated system of claim 1, further comprising a first piezoelectricdevice and a second piezoelectric device, the first and secondpiezoelectric devices each configured as a driver to facilitatestimulating milk letdown and milk extraction.
 8. The automated system ofclaim 7, wherein the first piezoelectric device and the secondpiezoelectric device are mounted to the breast adapter.
 9. The automatedsystem of claim 1, wherein the breast pump defines a generally breastshaped profile.
 10. The automated system of claim 9, wherein thecollection container forms part of the generally breast shaped profile.